Emergent Properties & Structure/Function
This term describes new properties that appear at higher levels of organization but are absent at lower levels.
What are emergent properties?
These cells lack internal membrane-bound compartments and are generally smaller.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Water molecules stick to one another because of these weak attractions.
What are hydrogen bonds?
This reaction joins monomers together by removing water.
What is dehydration synthesis/ condensation reaction?
In RNA, adenine pairs with this nitrogenous base.
What is uracil?
A broad, flat leaf is an example of this biological principle because its shape maximizes sunlight capture.
What is correlation of structure and function?
In prokaryotic cells, DNA is primarily located here.
What is the nucleoid?
A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered this.
What is acidic?
Proteins are built from what monomers?
What are amino acids.
DNA differs from RNA because DNA is this structure while RNA is generally this structure.
What is double-stranded/double helix and single-stranded?
Sodium is reactive and chlorine is toxic, but together they form table salt. This is an example of this concept.
What are emergent properties?
This type of junction allows direct communication between neighboring animal cells.
What are gap junctions?
Explain the difference between polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds in water.
What is: polar covalent bonds hold atoms together within one water molecule, while hydrogen bonds occur between separate water molecules?
This bond links amino acids together in a polypeptide chain.
What is a peptide bond?
These are the three parts of a nucleotide.
What are a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base?
Thousands of ants working together to build nests and find food routes demonstrate this level of biological organization.
What is a population (or colony behavior as an emergent property)?
Name the three major components of the cytoskeleton.
What are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments?
If one solution is pH 4 and another is pH 6, the pH 4 solution has this many more hydrogen ions.
What is 100 times more H+?
A protein made of several folded polypeptide chains joined together demonstrates this level of protein structure.
What is quaternary structure?
These molecules amplify signals inside cells during signaling cascades.
What are second messengers?
Explain why a bicycle is considered an example of an emergent property.
What is: individual parts cannot transport a person alone, but together they create a functioning bicycle?
These cytoskeleton structures are made of actin and function in muscle contraction and cytokinesis.
What are microfilaments?
Why can water dissolve many polar or ionic substances but not most nonpolar substances?
What is: water is polar and forms interactions with polar or charged substances, but nonpolar substances cannot interact well with water?
The α-helix and β-sheet are examples of this level of protein structure.
What is secondary structure?
Compare facilitated diffusion and active transport.
What is: facilitated diffusion uses proteins but no energy, while active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient?