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Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
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100

What is the function and location of Simple Squamous?

  • Locations: Lungs, inside of heart and blood vessels
  • Function: Diffusion and smooth lining, secretion of serous fluid
100

What is the function and location of Areolar?

Location: under Epithelial Tissue & wraps around organs

Function: cushion, protect, & anchor other tissue

100

What are the functions of the Integumentary System?

  • Protection
  • Body Temperature Regulation
  • Metabolic Functions
  • Blood Reservoir
  • Excretion
100

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

  • To offer support— for the body and soft organs
  • To offer protection for vital organs like the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, spinal cord
  • To provide movement by serving as levers to which muscles attach and move
  • To store minerals like calcium and phosphorus; to store growth factors and triglycerides for energy
  • To provide the location for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) which occurs in the marrow cavities
100

What are the other two types of tissue (besides epithelial and connective)? Describe them.

Nervous --> allows communication 

Muscle 

- Cardiac: heart tissue, histology = striated disks

- Smooth: internal organs

- Skeletal: f(x) = locomotion, histology = striated

200

What is the function and location of Simple Columnar?

  • Locations: From stomach to intestines, uterine tube
  • Function: absorption and secretion
200

What is the function and location of Adipose?

Location: hypodermis, breasts, abdomen, & surrounding organs (such as the kidneys)

Function: insulation protection, & fuel

200

List all the layers of the integumentary system from most superficial to deep.

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum (in thick skin)

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale

Dermis - Papillary

Dermis - Reticular

Hypodermis

200

List and describe all types of skeletal system cells.

- Osteogenic cell: Stem Cell

- Osteoblast: Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth (bone building)

- Osteoclast: Bone-resorbing cell (bone breaking)

- Osteocyte: Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix


200

What are the 3 types of arthritis?

Osteoarthritis: Inflammation of one or more joints. It is the most common form of arthritis that affects joints in the hand, spine, knees and hips.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: autoimmune and inflammatory disease, results in painful joints, swelling and stiffness in the joints.

Gouty Arthritis: A type of arthritis that causes inflammation of joints due to excess uric acid. Usually in the big toe.

300

What is the function and location of Pseudostratified Columnar?

  • Locations: Respiratory passages
  • Function: secretes mucus and traps dust particles, moving them away from lungs
300

What is the function and location of Reticular?

Location: lymph organs (such as the spleen & lymph nodes)

Function: soft skeleton for WBCs to perch on as they wait for pathogens in lymph organs.

300

What are the two types of sweat glands and what is different about them?

Eccrine

  • abundant on palms, soles, & forehead
  • Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, VitC, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
  • Ducts connect to pores
  • F(x) in thermoregulation



Apocrine

  • axillary & anogenital areas
  • Secretion = sweat, fatty substances, & proteins
  • Ducts connect to hair follicles
  • F(x)al from puberty onward (as sexual scent glands)
  • Specialized Apocrine Gland
  •  Ceruminous Glands-- in external ear canal and make ear wax— a type of modified sweat. 
  • Mammary Glands, located in the breasts, make milk, also a highly modified form of sweat.
300

What is an osteon? List and describe all the parts in an osteon.

Osteon: Structural Unit; group of hollow tubes of bone matrix

Lamellae: weight-bearing column-like tubes of extracellular matrix that act like the rings of a tree.  They have collagen fibers within them.

Central Canal: (aka haversian canal) contains blood vessels and nerves and runs along the central axis of the osteon.

Perforating Canal: (aka Volkmann’s Canal) channels that run perpendicular to the central canal and they connect the blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal to the central canal of other osteons.

Lacunae: small cavities that contain osteocytes

Canaliculi: small hairlike canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal.  We can think of the canaliculi as the pathway through which osteocytes (that live in the lacunae) use to communicate.


300

What is the smallest muscle in the body that controls hair follicles and is responsible for goosebumps.

Arrector Pili

400

What is the function and location of Stratified Cuboidal?

  • Locations: sweat glands and mammary glands as well as ovarian follicles, and pancreatic glands
  • Function: Secretion
400

What is the function and location of Dense Irregular?

Location: joint capsules

Function: provides tensile strength in many directions

400

List and describe all types of burns.

1st Degree Burn: 

  • First degree burns are damage to the epidermises only.  It results in localized redness, edema, swelling, and pain.

2nd Degree Burn: 

  • Second degree burns result from damage to the epidermis and upper dermis.  Blisters often appear due to damage of the dermal blood vessels.


3rd Degree Burn: 

  • Third degree burns span the entire thickness of skin.  It results in gray, cherry red, or charred black coloration.  There is no initial edema or pain because all the blood vessels and neurons were burned away.  Skin grafting is necessary to treat the burns.
400

Describe the negative feedback loop for blood calcium regulation.

High blood calcium --> thyroid releases calcitonin --> stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium to build up bones

Low blood calcium --> parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone --> stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and to put more calcium into the blood

400

List and describe the bone shapes.

  • Long Bones are longer than they are wide.
  • Short bones are cube shaped bones, such as those in the wrists and ankles.
  • Sesamoid bones exist within tendons such as the patella.
  • Flat bones are thin, flat, and slightly curved.
  • And irregular bones have complicated shapes— like is seen in bones of the vertebrae.
500

What is the function and location of Stratified Columnar?

  • Locations: Pharynx, male urethra, some glandular ducts, transition sites between two other types of epithelial tissue.
  • Function: Secretion
500

What is the function and location of Hyaline Cartilage?

Location: trachea, bronchi, larynx, attaches to ends of ribs, tips of nose, articulating surfaces of bones, precursor to bone

Function: support and reinforcement, resilence and cushioning, resistence of compressive stress

500

List and describe all types of skin cancer.

Basal Cell Carcinoma: basal cell carcinoma is the least malignant and most common form of skin cancer.  Here, the stratum basale cells of the epidermis proliferate and slowly invade the dermis and hypodermis.  Basal cell carcinoma is 99% curable with surgical excision.


Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 

Squamous cell carcinoma is common on the scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands— areas frequently exposed to UV rays.

This cancer type involves proliferation of keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum.

An individual has a good prognosis if squamous cell carcinoma is treated by radiation therapy or surgical removal.


Melanoma: Melanoma is the most dangerous of skin cancers. It involves proliferation of melanocytes. It is highly metastatic and highly resistant to chemotherapy. It can be treated by wide surgical excision and immunotherapy.

500

What are the steps for Intramembranous Ossification?

 What are the steps for Endochondral Ossification?

Intramembranous: 

1) Ossification center

2) Calcification

3) Trabeculae forms

4) Periosteum forms


Endochondral:

1) Bone collar forms

2) Cartilage in diaphysis calcifies

3) Periosteal bud invades cavities, spongy bone forms

4) Diaphysis elongates, medullary cavity forms, secondary ossification centers form

5) Epiphyses ossify, hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

500

Try to identify all tissue histology images.

Good luck :)