Microbiology Foundations
This scientist is credited with being the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope.
Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
This term describes how much larger an image appears compared with the actual specimen.
What is magnification?
This region of a bacterial cell contains its primary chromosome but is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
What is the nucleoid?
Both bacteria and archaea belong to this broad cellular category.
What are prokaryotes?
This polymer is a major component of fungal cell walls.
What is chitin?
This protein structure surrounds and protects the viral genome
What is the capsid?
In binomial nomenclature, an organism's scientific name consists of these two parts.
What are the genus and species?
This term describes the ability to distinguish two objects as separate rather than seeing them as one blurry object.
What is resolution?
These structures are responsible for protein synthesis in bacterial cells.
What are ribosomes?
These archaea produce methane as part of their metabolism.
What are methanogens?
Unlike bacteria, fungal cells are this type of cell.
What are eukaryotic cells?
A complete infectious viral particle is called this.
What is a virion?
Unlike eukaryotic cells, these cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
What are prokaryotic cells?
You increase magnification from 400× to 1,000×, but two nearby bacterial cells still appear blurred together. Increasing magnification alone will not solve the problem. You need to improve this.
What is resolution?
A bacterial cell contains a plasma membrane, ribosomes, nucleoid, and small circular pieces of extra DNA. These extra DNA molecules are called this.
What are plasmids?
Some archaea are adapted to environments with extremely high concentrations of salt. They are called this.
What are halophiles?
This type of fungus consists of single cells, while other fungi can form multicellular structures.
What is yeast?
Unlike cellular organisms, viruses cannot reproduce independently and instead require this.
What is a host cell?
A student observes a cell containing a nucleus, mitochondria, and other membrane-bound organelles. Based on this observation, the cell is most likely this type.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
This type of electron microscope is particularly useful for viewing the surface features of a microorganism and producing a three-dimensional-looking image.
What is scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?
This bacterial structure helps protect the cell from bursting due to differences in osmotic pressure.
What is the cell wall?
A microorganism is found thriving in an environment that would be extremely challenging for many other organisms. Finding an organism in such an environment could suggest it belongs to this domain.
What is Archaea?
A patient has a fungal infection. A drug targets a component of fungal cell membranes. This molecule would be an appropriate target.
What is ergosterol?
In this type of viral infection, the viral genome integrates into the host cell's DNA without immediately destroying the cell.
What is the lysogenic cycle?
A scientist needs to determine whether an unknown microorganism is a bacterium, fungus, or virus. Three useful characteristics to examine are cellular organization, morphology, and this requirement for replication.
What is a host cell requirement?
A microbiologist wants to observe the internal structures of a very small cell at extremely high resolution. This type of electron microscope would be appropriate.
What is transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?
A clinical isolate is identified as Gram-negative. Unlike a Gram-positive bacterium, this cell has this additional membrane containing lipopolysaccharide.
What is the outer membrane?
A student says, "Bacteria and archaea are basically the same because they are both prokaryotes." Give one reason this conclusion is incomplete.
What is bacteria and archaea differ in their genetics, biochemistry, and/or ecology?
A fungus and a photosynthetic organism live together in a mutually beneficial association. This structure is called a ________.
What is a lichen?
Put these stages of viral replication in the correct order: release, attachment, biosynthesis, penetration, maturation, uncoating.
Attachment → Penetration → Uncoating → Biosynthesis → Maturation → Release