Mitosis
DNA is duplicated during this phase of the cell cycle
S Phase
The display of all the chromosomes in an organism is called:
A Karyotype
Mendell worked with pea pods because
Easy to pollinate, noticeable features change in each generation
The first enzyme in DNA replication that unwinds the double helix is called
Helicase
Regarding transcription in prokaryotes, this protein stops enzyme production in an operon
Repressor
The mitotic spindle begins to form, and chromatin begins to condense and form an "X" shape during this phase of mitosis
Prophase
The number of genetically different haploid gametes at the end of Meiosis II is
4
If we say a person is "AaBb" for a trait, we are discussing their ____
Genotype
Polymerase always SYNTHESIZES in this direction
5' to 3'
The difference in gene expression for prokaryotes and eukaryotes is:
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation involve the use of operons, and in eukaryotes, they occur in the nucleus, where mRNA must be processed first.
During this phase of mitosis, the enzyme "separase" cleaves the cohesins that bind the chromatids together
Anaphase
Recombinant chromosomes are created by this process during Meiosis I (Hint: Exchanging genetic material)
Crossing over
When two phenotypes are expressed simultaneously, this is called
codominance
"Semi-conservative" DNA strands refer to
One strand is parental, and another is new
During translation, this molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome by matching its anticodon to codons on mRNA.
tRNA
Chromosomes line up along this imaginary plane
The metaphase plate
The only difference between mitosis and meiosis II is
Mitosis produces genetically identical diploids, Meiosis II produces genetically different haploids
The differences between the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment are
The law of segregation explains how alleles of a single gene separate, while the law of independent assortment explains how alleles of different genes are inherited independently of each other.
Independent focuses on two or more alleles, segregation focuses on one allele at a time
This enzyme will make sure all nucleotides are joined together
Ligase
In prokaryotes, groups of genes under the control of a single promoter are called this, allowing coordinated regulation of related functions.
Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes. During mitosis, why do the daughter cells each end up with 46 chromosomes instead of 23?
Before mitosis begins, each chromosome is duplicated during the S phase of interphase, forming sister chromatids. During mitosis, the sister chromatids separate and are evenly distributed into the two daughter cells. Because each chromatid becomes an individual chromosome, each daughter cell receives a full set of 46 chromosomes, identical to the parent cell.
Horses have 64 chromosomes, and donkeys have 62 chromosomes in their somatic cells.
When horses and donkeys reproduce, they produce a mule, which is always sterile. Why
will the mule always be sterile?
When the horse undergoes meiosis, it will have 32 chromosomes, and the donkeys will have 31 chromosomes in their gametes. 32 + 31 = 63 chromosomes in the offspring (mule). If we do 63/2, we will result in one cell not having a match, which means the odds of a mule being able to reproduce are so low that it is basically 0, making the mule sterile.
Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long
tails (t). What fraction/percentage of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected
to have black fur and long tails?
50% or 1/2
What is the key difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?
Polymerase in the leading strand will continuously synthesize one strand of DNA, while in the lagging strand, polymerase has to do it one subsection at a time as Okazaki Fragments. Each Okazaki fragment requires a NEW primer!
This enzyme is responsible for building the RNA strand during transcription
RNA Polymerase