Sensory
what are the types of vertebrate retinal photoreceptors?
rods and cones
Classify peptide, amine, and steroid hormones by solubility and receptor location.
Peptide/amine → hydrophilic, bind extracellular; Steroid → hydrophobic, bind intracellular
what is the neurotransmitter released by inhibitory neurons?
GABA
what are the two steps of neural activation?
electrical impulse; chemical transmission
when a sarcomere contracts, what happens to the A band?
stays the same length
how does the density of retinal ganglion
cells contribute to spatial vision?
more density = clearer vision (sharper image)
Name the neurosecretory cell types that control the anterior and posterior pituitary, respectively.
Parvocellular → anterior pituitary; Magnocellular → posterior pituitary
what is the difference between temporal and spatial summation?
temporal is graded potentials at the same synapses/dendrite (looks like multiple spikes); spatial happens at different synapses/dendrites at the same time
walk through the breakdown of the nervous systems.
discussed.
what are the the three twitch muscle types? give an example of when each would be used.
slow oxidative = posture; fast oxidative glycolytic = migration; fast glycolytic = prey catch attempt
How does the structure of the cochlea support its detection in frequencies?
Stiff rigid thin at base, high frequencies; thicker and more flexible at apex
Explain how receptor downregulation can contribute to drug tolerance.
Chronic exposure reduces receptor availability, requiring higher doses for the same effect.
what are the two types of synapses and what are the differences?
electrical = direct movement of AP from one cell to another; chemical converts signal into neurotransmitters (slower process)
what is resting membrane potential? what is the threshold needed to trigger an action potential?
-70mV; -50-55mV
what voltage gated protein allows for the flow of calcium out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
DHPR protein
Draw what the frequency chart would look like for an owl if the sound came from the lower left of the animal.
discussed on board.
what neurohormone initiates cortisol production?
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
what is the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?
graded potentials lose strength over distance, action potentials have a threshold and is an all or nothing response
The major depolarization seen after the threshold is hit is caused by what channels opening?
voltage gated sodium
what part of the muscle PHYSICALLY contracts?
What specifically picks up sounds and how does it do so?
hair cells in cochlea, moves and vibrates based on frequencies which send action potentials
What is the difference between the posterior and anterior pituitary gland?
Posterior transfers hypothalamus neurohormones (directly to bloodstream); Anterior produces its own hormones in response to hypothalamus neurohormones
what channels allow for GABA release? which channels do GABA bind to?
calcium voltage gated; chloride ligand channels
what is the most important reason for the refractory/hyperpolarization period?
promotes unidirectional flow
why is calcium critical to contraction?
binds to troponin, moves tropomyosin out of the way, allows for strong crossbridge formation