Dalton's Law and Basics
What is the conversion between atm and mmHg?
1 atm = 760 mmHg
What is henry’s law (specifically the liquid properties)?
The amount if a particular gas dissolving in a liquid will depend on its partial pressure and solubility constant
What are the two vessels found in the gill filaments?
Efferent (comes to gills, oxy) and afferent (leaves gills, deoxy)
When is convection most useful and what does it use?
Used for bulk flow long distances and it uses total atmospheric pressure gradients not partial pressure gradients
The partial pressures of the gases are as following: P(O2) 124 atm, P(N2) 843 atm, P(CO2) 34 atm. What is the total pressure of the air?
What is dalton’s law?
What gas dissolves more readily in water in comparison to oxygen?
Carbon dioxide (important for ocean acidification)
Through movement of water over gills, what is important about directionality? How is it moved?
Water moves in a unidirectional manner based on pressure gradients
When would internal respiration be used?
Used for very short distances (like the lungs to the blood), would use diffusion
When a fish opens its mouth, the volume of water is 36mL and the pressure is 5 au (arbitrary units). When the fish closes its mouth, what volume of water is left if the pressure is now 22 au?
What is the percent of nitrogen in earth’s atmosphere?
78%
What is the relationship between solubility constants and concentrations?
If a solubility constant is lower, it will have a lower concentration in the liquid at equilibrium
What is the breakdown of gill structure?
Gill → gill arch → gill filaments → secondary lamellae
What is the benefit of ram ventilation? Deficits?
The constant swimming ensures O2 is always moving over the gills. However, takes a lot of metabolic energy to always be swimming
You are on the surface of mars. The total pressure of the atmosphere is 485 atm and the partial pressure of nitrogen is 59,280 mmHg. What is the percent of nitrogen in the atmosphere?
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in atm?
0.0004 atm
What is the impact of mammal fluid makeup and O2 transportation?
O2 does not dissolve well in warm and salty fluids, as well as does not dissolve well in water. Makes it difficult to transport throughout body without help (called the salting out effect)
What is countercurrent gas exchange and why is it so much more effective than concurrent?
Countercurrent gas exchange is when water and blood flow in opposite directions. It allows for blood to always come in contact with water higher in O2, allowing it to extract 25% more O2 into the body
How is positive pressure related to breathing and energy usage?
It is passive, used when exhaling, caused by relaxing diaphragm
Gas A has a partial pressure of 248 mmHg and a solubility constant of 0.49. Gas B has a partial pressure of 248 mmHg as well but a solubility constant of 0.26. Which gas will absorb more into the liquid and what will each gas’ concentration be in the liquid at equilibrium?
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere in mmHg?
159 mmHg
How does equilibrium relate to partial pressures, concentrations, and solubility constants?
Equilibrium is reached when the partial pressure between air and liquid are the same. At this point concentration may still be drastically different. If the solubility constant is high, then at equilibrium, the concentration in liquid will be closer to the concentration in the air
Walk through buccal-opercular pumping in relation to pressure and volume.
When fish opens mouth, tongue drops (increasing volume and decreasing pressure). When fish closes mouth, lifts the tongue (increasing pressure and decreasing volume *as water is being forced over gills)
What is the benefit to branching vessels seen in vertebrate lungs?
Increases surface area (can extract more O2)
You add water into the air due to it being a humid day. The new percents for the atmospheric gases are as follows: F(O2) 16%, F (CO2) 2%, F(N2) 71%, F(H2O) 11%. If the total atmospheric pressure is 13,963 mmHg, what is the P(x) for all the gases in atm?