Genes
Mendel’s 3 laws of inheritance
1. Law of Dominance
2. Law of Segregation
3. Law of Independent Assortment
Name for reproduction of DNA
DNA replication
Homologous and analogous structures
Homologous - anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor
Analogous - same function but different construction, not from a common ancestor
Types of protists
Animal, plant, and fungi
3 parts of a grasshopper
Abdomen, thorax, head
Define Genetics
The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
Differences between RNA and DNA
RNA is single stranded, carries uracil, and has ribose
DNA is double stranded, carries thymine, and has deoxyribose
What point did Darwin and Lamarck agree on
That evolution is adaptive
3 domains
Bacteria, eukarya, archaea
Types of vascular plants
Seedless and seeded
Types of chromosomal mutations
Deletion, Translocation, Duplication, Inversion, Nondisjunction
Leading strands, lagging strands, and Okazaki fragments
Leading strand continuously replicates the DNA strand to create and second DNA strand works 5’ to 3’
Lagging strand works backwards 3’ to 5’ so the DNA is made in fragments creating another DNA strand
Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides synthesized discontinuously and linked together by ligase
Explain the 3 types of natural selection
Stabilizing - selects for middle leaving out the extremes
Directional - selects for one extreme
Disruptive - selects for both extremes
Shapes of bacteria
Cocci, bacilli, sporilla
Phylum of earthworm, hydra, crayfish, and rat
Worm - annelid
Hydra - Cnidaria
Crayfish - arthropod
Rat - chordateIf a roan cow and a white bull reproduce could their offspring be pure white?(roan is heterozygous between red and white)
50% of the offspring have the possibility of being pure white.
Explain protein synthesis
Transcription - the info on DNA is copied onto mRNA, it carries info from DNA to the nucleus. RNA polymerase starts synthesis of RNA. One strand of DNA transcribed called the template. The polymerase works up the DNA and synthesizes strand of RNA until a signal stops it. The polymerase and mRNA separate from DNA.
Translation - mRNA leaves nucleus for cytoplasm, attaches to rRNA , tRNA carries nitrogen bases and amino acids, mRNA drops of complimentary bases and cycle continues until a protein is formed.
4 principles of natural selection
Variation, heredity, overpopulation, and reproductive advantages
Biological classification from least to most specific
Domains, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Starfish vs grasshopper circulatory systems
Starfish - water vascular system, open
Grasshopper - open, heart in upper abdomen that pumps fluid tot he head
What are the stages of meiosis in order and what happens in each
Interphase- prepares for meiosis
Prophase- crossing over and synapse
Metaphase- tetrads align
Anaphase- homologous chromosomes separate
Telophase- cytokinesis
Prophase 2- spindle fibers reform
Metaphase 2- chromosomes align
Anaphase 2- chromosomes divide
Telophase 2- cytokinesis, 4 haploid cells
Explain DNA replication
Initiation - helicase unwinds DNA strands topoisomerase surrounds unzipping strands, call prepares for next step by creating short sequences of RNA called primers, provide starting point for elongation
Elongation - DNA polymerase works 5’ to 3’ finding RNA primers and take over, the lagging strand unwinds in small sections resulting in Okazaki fragments, DNA polymerase puts nitrogen bases and ligase glues them into place
Termination - two double helices form called semi conservation, the last sequence must be removed from the end of the lagging strand called the telomere section, telomere is stripped of at the end. Finally nucleases proof read the new DNA strands, polymerase and ligase fill in Okazaki fragments.
5 conditions for hardy- weinberg
No mutation, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population, no gene flow
Explain the lytic cycle
Phages attach to bacteria with compatible receptor, injects tail into bacteria releasing genetic material, synthesized proteins form mature phages, bacteria cell bursts releasing mini phages.
Photosynthesis