Show:
Plants
Selection
Populations
Ecology & Physiology
Random
100
What do scientists believe contributed to the source of O2 during the Great Oxidation Event?
It was related to the appearance of cyanobacteria and oxygenic photosynthesis.
100
What are the assumptions of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?
Population is big, random mating, no selection on alleles
100
Inverse density dependence is also known as what?
The Allee Effect
100
What is the rete mirabile?
The counter current heat exchange in many marine warm blooded animals.
100
What is Q10?
The factor by which a reaction rate changes over a span of 10 degrees C (used for temperature dependent biochemical reactions or metabolic rate).
200
Describe the positive feedback related to plant growth/feedback in the tropics.
Trees and plants -> transpiration -> moisture rises and cools -> rainfall -> milder climate -> more trees and plants
200
Name a driver of divergence in allopatry.
Sexual selection (mating system evolution) or genetic drift
200
Density dependent factors can regulate populations through what?
Negative feedback mechanisms (as population size increases, density dependent processes affect a larger proportion of the population).
200
Most predators follow what foraging strategy?
Energy maximization
200
If juvenile survival is low or variable than later adult survival, it's best to reproduce by iteroparity. What is this called?
Bet hedging
300
Why do chloroplasts have two membranes?
A cyanobacterium was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell, temporarily leading to 4 membranes. After the phagosomal membrane and peptidoglycan cell wall was lost, the chloroplast was left with 2 membranes.
300
As viceroy butterflies increase in abundance, the fitness of that phenotype decreases. What is this called?
Frequency dependent selection (negative)
300
Describe the ways in which you can increase R
You can increase survival across ages and/or you can reproduce earlier.
300
Natural selection acts most strongly at this biological organization level.
Individuals
300
Why are multidrug cocktails important in slowing the evolution of resistance?
Multiple drugs more likely leads to 100% susceptibility of bacteria, leading to no variation or heretibility of resistance.
400
In this phylum, flagella are completely absent.
Rhodophyta (red algae)
400
Describe how memes can follow the tenets of natural selection.
Difference in "reproductive success" - Not all memes are passed on with the same frequency. Heretibility - What you pass on resembles what you hear/read Variation - some jokes/ideas are good, while others are not
400
Why does demographic inertia occur?
When lx and mx change, population growth rate will not immediately change. Ro will change slowly until the population adjusts to its new age distribution.
400
Using the simple diet model in class, what must be taken into account in order to optimize a predator's diet?
Relative abundance of prey, energy content, and handling time
400
How might continental drift contribute to Snowball Earth?
When land is concentrated at the equator, weathering continues. Weathering draws down CO2, leading to a cooling of the atmosphere.
500
What changes accompanied the transition from a prokaryotic ancestor to eukaryotes? (name 5)
Loss of prokaryotic cell wall, development of endomembrane system, chromosomes, increase in size, origin of cytoskeleton, digestive vacuoles, endosymbiosis
500
Describe the two selective agents in the gall example (Evolution Explosion) and what kind of selection they're exerting on gall size.
Wasps oviposit their eggs in smaller galls (directional selection favoring larger gall size), but birds tend to go for larger galls for a bigger meal (directional selection favoring smaller gall size)
500
What are the four major views of population regulation?
1. equilibrium plus noise. 2. everything is noise. 3. Deterministic noise. 4. Red noise
500
Describe the important role of physiology in determining why Chthalamus is found higher in the intertidal zone.
Chthalamus is not just out-competed by Balanus. It is also able to better tolerate higher temperatures and dessication stress compared to Balanus.
500
When tungara frogs perform their mating call, they increase their likelihood of getting a mate and reproducing. However, the act of performing a mating call also attracts predators and might lead to death. This beneficial change linked to a detrimental one is also known as what?
Tradeoff