Molecules/Bonding/Lewis
Which element is more metallic, Ca or Mg?
What is Ca?
Predict the products of CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)
What is CO2 (g) and H2O (l)
Conjugate acid of HSO4-
Draw an example of a conformer versus a structural isomer
(answers vary)
What is Carboxylate salt and primary alcohol?
The central atom geometry of H2O
What is tetrahedral?
The oxidizing agent in CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O (for full points, must find oxidation states and explain why that is the oxidizing agent)
Why does water stay in the liquid form?
(equation: H2O (l) + H2O (l) --> OH- (aq) + H3O+ (aq))
Kw = 1x10-14
The Kw is 1x10-14, which is very small. It highly favors the left side of the equation, which is H2O (l) + H2O (l)
Pi bonds (double bonds) -- examples vary
The products of the esterification of carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid + alcohol --> ???
What is ester and H2O?
How many lone pairs and expected bonds will Nitrogen have?
What is 3 expected bonds and 1 lone pair?
If, after reaction, a solution increases in temperature, is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? What is the sign of delta H?
What is exothermic, negative delta H?
Concentration of H+ is 1x10-6, what is the pOH?
What is 8? (pH = -log(1x10-6) = 6 --> 6 + pOH = 14 --> pOH = 8)
The product of full oxidation of a primary alcohol
What is carboxylic acid?
Rank the following from least to most soluble:
Amine salt, tertiary amine, secondary amine
(for points, must explain why)
What is tertiary amine, secondary amine, amine salt?
Amine salt is most because of ionic bonds
Secondary amine is middle because it has H-bonding
Tertiary amine is least because it is only polar, no H-bonding
A solution has an osmolarity of 2.3, and plasma has an osmolarity of 1.4. If red blood cells are added into the solution, which of the following is true?
a) The solution is hypotonic, and the red blood cells will swell
b) The solution is hypertonic, and the red blood cells will shrivel
c) The solution is hypertonic, and the red blood cells will swell
d) The solution is hypotonic, and the red blood cells will shrivel
What is B, the solution is hypertonic, and the red blood cells will shrivel
Is this reaction always, never, or sometimes spontaneous (if sometimes, must name under what condition it will be spontaneous)?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) --> 2NH3 (g) + heat
What is sometimes spontaneous? (delta H is negative and delta S is negative, so it is only spontaneous at low temperatures)
What is the ratio of HCO3- to H2CO3 in blood? (pH = 7.4, pKa = 6.4)
10:1 (10)
What happens in hydrogenation versus hydration, and are they redox?
Hydrogenation is the addition of H2, which makes more bonds to H (reduction). (Alkene --> Alkane)
Hydration is the addition of H2O (non-redox). (Alkene --> Alcohol)
At what pH will a protein be mostly negatively charged if it contains a carboxylic acid? (pKa = 5.2) (for points, must explain why)
3, 5, 7
Which compound has a higher boiling point, HBr or KBr? (For points, you must name and explain the type of bond in each)
Name the 3 factors that affect reaction rate and how they work
2) Concentration (increase C = more collisions)
3) Catalyst (Increase rate, but is not used up --> lowers activation energy)
Name the strong acids and bases
HCL, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4 / Group IA and IIA with hydroxide
Draw a hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, and ketal. Name if they are H-bond donors, acceptors, both or neither
Drawings
Hemiacetal --> both
Hemiketal --> both
Acetal --> Acceptor
Ketal --> Acceptor
What is Tollen's reagent and what does it react with? What is Benedict's reagent and what does it react with?
Tollen's = Silver (Ag+), reacts with aldehydes only
Benedict's = Copper (Cu2+), reacts with aldehydes and ketones that have an -OH on the adjacent carbon