Amino Acids & Proteins
The five (5) categories that amino acids are sorted into
What are:
1. nonpolar, aliphatic
2. polar, uncharged
3. aromatic rings
4. positively charged R groups
5. negatively charged R groups
This is the technical definition of carbohydrates.
What are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones?
What are the two (2) main functions that lipids serve?
What are energy storage and structural?
These are the two nitrogenous bases used by all nucleotides, nucelosides, and nucleic acids.
What are purines and pyrimidines?
This formation provides saccharides with their ring srtuctures and is key to carbohydrate biochemistry.
What is hemiacetal/hemiketal formation?
These molecules are the form of amino acids that have no net charge, but are polar in nature.
What are zwitterions?
The two (2) monosaccharide families.
What are aldoses and ketoses?
Fatty acids can be categorized into these three (3) categories.
What are:
1. saturated
2. unsaturated
3. polyunsaturated?
Nucleotides are formed from these three molecule groups.
What are:
1. a nitrogenous base (purine/pyrimidine)
2. a pentose sugar (ribose/deoxy ribose)
3. 1-3 phosphate groups
This is the equation for the ion product of water (Kw), which always equals 1.0 x 10^(-14) M^(2) (at 25 ⁰C).
What is Kw= [H+][-OH]?
This is where peptide bond formation occurs.
What is between the alpha-carboxyl carbon of the first residue and the amino group of the next residue?
These are sugars that differ about one (1) chiral carbon.
What are epimers?
TAGOLS consist of these general molecules bonded by these types of bonds.
What are glycerols and fatty acids bonded by ester bonds?
Purine nucleosides form this type of bond between the N9 and C1' and pyrimidines form them between N1 and C1'.
What are beta-N-glycosidic bonds?
This is why animals use glycogen and plants use starches for energy storage.
What is the fact that glycogen has many non-reducing ends (is highly branched) for rapid energy because animals move and plants are (mostly) stationary and need less rapid access to energy?
This group of amino acids tends to cluster inside of proteins and helps stabilize the protein structure through hydrophobic effect.
What are the nonpolar, aliphatic amino acids?
Name that epimer: this is the C4 epimer of glucose.
What is galactose?
These types of lipids are used in membrane structures, and are precursors to other molecules like eicosanoids and hormones.
What are sterols?
These are some of the roles nucleotides play within the cell that we discussed in lecture.
What are:
1. building blocks of nucleic acids
2. cellular energy currency
3. link between external stimuli & cell response (2nd messengers)
4. as parts of enzyme cofactors and metabolic intermediaries
These consist of alternating (beta1-->4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid residues and are found in bacterial cell walls.
What are peptidoglycans?
The amino acid that has an aromatic ring structure but is not categorized as an aromatic amino acid.
What is histidine?
This dissacharide has no reducing end for this reason.
What is sucrose and the fact that both anomeric carbons on glucose and fructose are used to make the alpha-glycosidic (a1<-->2) bond?
These types of lipids are predominantly found in myelin.
What are Sphingomyelins? (also acceptable are sphingomyleins)
These bonds, located between the gamma-Pi and beta-Pi or the beta-Pi and alpha-Pi groups of nucleotides with more than one Pi group, contribute the energy needed for certain cellular reactions to occur.
What are PHOSPHOANHYDRIDE BONDS
These fatty acids have 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1(delta9) structures.
What are palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids?