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100

11. Describe the structure and properties of biological membranes.

  • Structure:

    • Barriers surrounding cells, regulating traffic in & out

    • Proteins/glycoproteins & lipids

  • Properties:

    • Semi-permeable

    • Amphipathic (parts nonpolar & polar)

    • Unsaturated fatty acids, loose environment

100

3. Classify nucleic acids.

  • DNA

    • Primary: Nucleotide base sequence

    • Secondary: 2 polynucleotides intertwine (like quaternary)

      • Double helix

    • Tertiary: Folding into chromosomes

      • Salt bridges neutralize negative charges of DNA backbone

  • RNA

    • mRNA

    • tRNA

    • rRNA

100

8. Describe the structure of chromosomes.

  • Folded & protein-coated compact structures

  • Each contain 2 polynucleotide strands (1 double helix)

  • DNA is stored in 46 chromosomes

  • In nucleus of cells

100

13. Describe the process of transcription.

  • Synthesis of RNA in nucleus (copying from DNA to mRNA)

200

13. Identify the properties and functions of cholesterol.

  • Functions: Component of membranes

    • Synthesized in liver

    • Starting material that makes other kinds of steroids/molecules

    • Correlation b/w high blood cholesterol & arteriosclerosis

200

4. Identify the components of nucleotides.

  • Building blocks of nucleotides:

  • Base: Heterocyclic nitrogen-containing ring

    • Purine (2 fused rings)

      • Adenine

      • Guanine

    • Pyrimidines: 1 ring

      • Thymine (DNA only)

      • Cytosine

      • Uracil (RNA only)

  • Sugar: Pentose monosaccharide

    • Beta D-Deoxyribose (carb) (DNA only)

      • 2’ has H

      • W/out oxygen

  • Beta D-ribose (carb) (RNA only)

    • 2’ has an OH

  • Phosphate: Inorganic phosphate

    • Phosphoric acid has 3 hydrogens

    • DNA/RNA favors phosphate w/ 1 hydrogen

200

9. Define genes and chromosome maps.

  • Genes: Segments of DNA within chromosomes

  • Chromosome maps: Show genes, proteins, traits, & diseases associated w/ sequence blocks on chromosomes (base pairs)

200

14. Describe the process of translation.

  • Synthesis of a protein w/ correct sequence using instructions in mRNA

  • Takes place in cytoplasm

  • tRNAs read the codon instructions in mRNAs, then deliver the amino acids to make proteins

300

15. Identify the properties and functions of steroid hormones.

  • Properties: 4 rings

  • Functions: Many functions

300

5. Identify the structural differences between DNA and RNA.

  • DNA: Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, A, G, C, T bases

  • RNA: Phosphate, ribose sugar, A, G, C, U bases

300

10. Describe the process of DNA replication.

  • Semi-conservative

    • Each daughter double helix gets 1 parent polynucleotide strand

  1. Enzyme unwinds helix to expose nucleotide bases

  2. New DNA is built by linkijng nucleotides w/ bases complementary to exposed bases

300

15. Identify characteristics of the genetic code.

  • Genetic code: Converting Codons →  into amino acids

    • Ex: UGG = Tryptophan

      • Characteristics:

      • 3 Letter words

      • Degenerate (Muliple codons can represent 1 amino acid)

      • Precise (1 codon can represent only 1 amino acid)

      • Initiation (AUG = start)

      • Termination (Stop codons)

      • Universal (GCA is in basically every organism)

400

1. Identify nucleotides, dinucleotides and polynucleotides.

  • Nucleotides: Building blocks of nucleic acids

    • Building blocks of nucleotides:

    • Base: Heterocyclic nitrogen-containing ring

    • Sugar: Pentose monosaccharide

    • Phosphate: Inorganic phosphate

    • Looks like an amino acid w/ a common part + different bases

    • 5’ terminal end phosphate

    • 3’ terminal end hydroxyl

  • Dinucleotides: 2 nucleotides linked together

  • Polynucleotides: Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

    • Many nucleotides linked together

    • Very large

    • Order is important (like proteins)

400

6. Describe condensation reactions of nucleotides.

  • Condensation reaction to make nucleotides:

    • 3 components connected by dehydration condensation

    • Sugar in middle b/w phosphate & base

    • Base connected to sugar (glycosidic); phosphate connected to sugar (phosphoester)

    • Makes 2 H2Os

  • Nucleotide dehydration condensation:

    • Phosphate of 1 nucleotide is linked to the sugar of another nucleotide

    • Bases not involved

400

11. Distinguish types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA).

  • mRNA: Linear, extended

    • Transport recipes for proteins frp, nucleus to the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place

  • tRNA: Cloverleaf

    • Deliver correct amino acids for eahc position in the growing protein

  • rRNA: Folded structures

    • Components of ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis in cytoplasm)

500

2. Identify the importance of nucleic acids in biology.

Sequences of building blocks that store amino acid sequence info for proteins

DNA: Recipe for proteins

Transcription into RNA

RNA: Copy recipe info

Translation from RNA onto a protein (out of nucleus)

  • Translation is synthesis of protein in cytoplasm

  1. Make a copy

  2. Move it outside

  3. Make protein (recipe)

500

7. Describe the structure, properties and functions of DNA.

  • Structure: 2 antiparallel polynucleotide strands twisted around (double helix)

  • Properties: Bases form hydrogen bonds (2 for A & T, 3 for C & G)

  • Functions: Store information in units (genes)

    • Genes provide function or determines characteristics

      • Basic physical & functional units of heredity

500

12. Define the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.

  • When cells need to make copies for each cell

  • Information goes from DNA → RNA → Make a protein