Basics of Chemistry
Matter
The two subatomic particles found in the atomic nucleus
Protons, Neutrons
Potential Energy vs. Kinetic Energy
Potential: the energy that matter has because of its location (stored energy)
Kinetic: the energy of motion
Consists of 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Molecule
Bond that forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom
Hydrogen Bond
A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
Element
Atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
Isotopes
The number of e- in the first three shells
1st: 2 e-
2nd: 8 e-
3rd: 8 e-
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
Covalent bond
The reason atoms form bonds
To complete their valence shell
A substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
Compound
The charges of the three subatomic particles
Proton: +
Electrons: -
Neutrons: None
The outermost electron shell
Valence shell
3 Types of Bonds From Strongest to Weakest
Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen
Ionic Bond
Atom
Decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy until they reach a stable form
Radioactive isotopes
The ability of an atom to gain or lose e- in order to have a filled valence shell
Valency
Atom's attraction for electrons in a covalent bond
Electronegativity
Cation: positively charged ion
Anion: negatively charged ion
The four elements that make up 96% of living matter
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Number = number of protons in its nucleus
Mass Number = sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
The 3D space where an e- is found 90% of the time
Electron orbital
Nonpolar Covalent Bond vs. Polar Covalent Bond
Polar: one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally
Nonpolar: the atoms share the electron equally
Electrostatic attractions between non-polar molecules that are close together because of these charges
Van der Waals interactions