Cumulative
Which model states that an enzyme fits a specific substrate shape?
Lock-and-key model
Why is glucose phosphorylated upon entry of the cell, and which enzymes mediate the phosphorylation?
To trap the glucose in the cell.
Hexokinase and Glucokinase
Under anaerobic conditions, what are the products of glycolysis?
Lactate
2 ATP
2 NADH
What drives ATP synthase?
Movement of H+ down its electrochemical gradient.
Citrate synthase is inhibited by which molecule?
Citrate --- aka product inhibition
What modifications to pre-mRNA make it mRNA?
Addition of poly-A tail and a 5' cap
NAD+ and FAD+ require which B vitamins as their precursors, respectively?
NAD+ = Niacin = B3
FAD+ = riboflavin = B2
Hexokinase is inhibited by which glycolysis intermediate?
Glucose-6-phosphate
A common method for antibiotics is targeting the ETC. What do they do?
Uncouple the ETC.
Which enzyme inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex via phosphorylation?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ if the H⁺ concentration increases, which way will the equilibrium shift?
Left
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK) is regulated by the energy state of the cell. Which molecules act as allosteric activators of this kinase?
ATP, Acetyl-CoA, and NADH
Which hormone stimulates glycolysis?
Insulin
What is the role of O2 in the ETC?
Final e- acceptor
Which enzymes in the TCA cycle are upregulated by Ca2+?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Which type of inhibition changes Vmax?
Non-competitive inhibition
What are the products of the TCA cycle?
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
ATP inhibits which glycolysis intermediates?
Pyruvate kinase
Complex II is which enzyme in the TCA cycle?
Succinate dehydrogenase.
High NADH concentrations in the mitochondria will inhibit which enzymes?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
If an acid has a pKa of 5, will it be ionized at physiological pH?
Yes!
How many ATP equivalents are produced from the full oxidation of 1 pyruvate molecule?
12.5 ATP
~3 per NADH
~2 per FADH2
1 per GTP
Cortisol, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine will mimic which hormone that inhibits glycolysis?
Glucagon
Where does the ETC take place?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
High ATP in the mitochondria will inhibit which enzyme that is involved in the TCA cycle?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase.