Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis
This hormone acts during fasting by increasing glycogenolysis in the liver to raise blood glucose.
What is glucagon?
The electron carriers produced by the citric acid cycle.
What are NADH and FADH2?
The electron carrier that is a greater driver of the proton motive force.
What is NADH?
The products of the oxidative phase.
What are NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate?
The urea cycle product that is fed into the citric acid cycle.
What is fumarate?
This enzyme is required to bypass the action of phosphofructokinase.
What is fructose-1,6-bisphospatase?
This class of enzymes transfer hydride ions (H-) between molecules.
What is a dehydrogenase?
This enzyme plays a role in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
What is succinate dehydrogenase (complex II; succinate-coenzyme Q reductase)?
The biomolecules this pathway plays a role in producing.
What are lipids and nucleic acids?
The carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and arginosuccinate synthetase reactions are anabolic due to the coupling of this high energy molecule.
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
The number of ATP equivalents (ATP and GTP) required to synthesize one molecule of glucose from two molecules of pyruvate.
What is six?
These molecules decrease flux through the citric acid cycle in high concentrations.
What are ATP and NADH?
This complex is unique because it uses copper ions as oxidizing and reducing agents.
What is cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV)?
What is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
The location of production of citrulline from carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine.
What is the mitochondrion?
An enzyme that can replenish oxaloacetate.
What is pyruvate carboxylase?
This citric acid cycle intermediate can be transaminated to form the amino acid aspartate, which can be utilized in the urea cycle and in the synthesis of nucleotides and other amino acids.
What is oxaloacetate?
This molecule blocks the transfer of electrons from complex IV to O2, backing up the electron transport chain and preventing the regeneration of electron carriers.
What is cyanide?
The glycolytic intermediates produced by the pentose phosphate pathway.
What are glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?
This, aminated molecule synthesized from glutamate, safely carries ammonium to liver from places like the brain.
What is glutamine?
This molecule accumulates in muscle during exertion and is transported to the liver to resynthesize glucose during the Cori cycle.
What is lactate?
What are ketone bodies?
This subunit of ATP synthase contains αß dimers that alternate conformation from loose to tense to open, catalyzing the formation of ATP.
What is the F1 subunit?
The coenzyme required for the action of transketolase in the nonoxidative phase.
What is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)?
This vitamin is a cofactor in the transamination of an amino acid and an α-keto acid.
What is pyridoxine (vitamin B6)?