Which are bigger, atoms or molecules?
What atoms are both cards and lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What type of macromolecule are enzymes?
Proteins
Monomers of nucleic acids are called...
Nucleotides
Lactase is a _______ (protein/carbohydrate/lipid/nucleic acid), which lactose is a _______ (protein/carbohydrate/lipid/nucleic acid)
Protein, carbohydrate
Monomers
Monosaccharides
Enzymes are catalysts. This means they (speed up/slow down) reactions by (lowering/raising) activation energy.
Speed up, lowering
Mutations refer to changes in which important molecule? Name the molecule.
DNA
Lactose breaks down into two monomers, called.....
Glucose and galactose
What process is shown here?
Dehydration Synthesis
What type of macromolecule are cell membranes made up of?
Phospholipids
What is a likely temperature for the hot springs referenced in this image?
70 Degrees Celsius
Variability, heritability, reproductive advantage.
Lactase speeds up the breakdown of the polymer lactose into two monomers. The chemical name we give this breakdown process is ________.
Hydrolysis.
Pictured is the molecule maltose.
If you were to add a single water molecule (H2O) to this molecule, draw what you think the product (outcome) of that reaction would look like below, and name the reaction.
When a polypeptide folds into a protein, the _______ amino acids naturally arrange themselves on the inside of the protein, and the ________ amino acids arrange themselves on the outside.
Hydrophobic, hydrophilic
In the Chew On This simulation we saw briefly in class, the enzyme amylase was breaking down down starch. What process does the amylase help make happen more quickly, in this case?
What kind nucleic acid can leave the nucleus?
RNA only
Pictured below are lactose and a very similar polymer called sucrose. Can lactase break down sucrose, yes or no?
No - enzymes are specific to substrates. They only work with one substrate, so lactase only works with lactose.
The enzyme amylase breaks down the polymer starch into its monomers, all glucose. If you had a polymer of starch that was made of 10 monomers, how many water molecules would you need to add to break down the starch into 10 glucose molecules?
9 molecules of water (one at each place the glucose is bonded to another!) Draw out 10 hexagons with connections between then and then draw a line through each connection if you are having trouble picturing this. You will draw 9 lines!
Fill in the blanks using the word bank:
______ is a small molecule and can pass through the cell membrane using _______ that act as a gate. With energy, this is known as ________ transport. If the glucose just floats through, this is ______ transport. A _________ like ________ is too big to pass through those same gates, and must be broken down first.
Word Bank:
Lactose, Active, Passive, Glucose, Proteins, Polysaccharide
GLUCOSE is a small molecule and can pass through the cell membrane using PROTEINS that act as a gate. With energy, this is known as ACTIVE transport. If the glucose just floats through, this is PASSIVE transport. A POLYSACCHARIDE like LACTOSE is too big to pass through those same gates, and must be broken down first.
This graph shows the amount of product produced in a chemical reaction over time WITH an enzyme present. Redraw this graph, then draw another line representing a likely product amount over time WITHOUT an enzyme for the same chemical reaction. (So you should draw a graph with two lines total).
Second line should be lower for than the first, BUT NOT ZERO. Remember, enzymes speed up reactions, but they don't make them happen - some product will still be made! This graph is an example showing that:
What is the relationship between natural selection, mutation, proteins, and nucleic acids? Explain.
Natural selection requires variability to occur, which means that a trait varies in a population. This occurs when individuals are born with random variations (changes) in their DNA, just be chance. An example is hair color in humans - there are lots of variations in hair color! Any difference in a DNA sequence is called a mutation (and they aren't all bad!).
Since DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, differences in DNA (mutations) can lead to different proteins being made in the body, and different proteins can lead to different traits. For instance, some of the DNA in the rock pocket mice led to proteins that made dark fur, and some had DNA that coded for proteins with light fur.
Since DNA is genetic material, these mutations are heritable and passed from parents to offspring. Therefore, natural selection can occur if one mutation is an advantage over another in the environment where the organism lives.
Draw a model comparing the large and small intestines of someone who has lactase persistance vs someone who is lactose intolerant.
Must look like this:
Must include lactose, lactase, glucose, galactose, bacteria, and at least one symptom. In the person with lactase persistance, hydrolysis of lactose occurs quickly and glucose and galactose are moved from the small intestine to the blood to provide energy. With lactose intolerant individuals, it doesn't happen quickly enough. Lactose is too big to pass through the cell membrane of the small intestine cells, so it keeps going. Bacteria in the large intestine then break it down, but produce a bunch of bad symptoms as a result!