Organic Molecules
What are specific clusters of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the way molecules behave?
functional groups
What are steroids composed of?
4 fused carbon rings
What are amino acids composed of?
carboxyl and amino group
What is an example of denaturazation?
pasteurization
What is the suffix for an enzyme?
-ase
What are the 2 types of functional groups? What are their characteristics
polar (hydrophilic) attract water
nonpolar (hydrophobic) water hating
Where are triglycerides mainly stored in the body?
adipose tissue
What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the 4 types of lipids?
triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids
Describe a phospholipids structures:
hydrophilic head (polar)
hydrophobic tails (nonpolar)
What is an isomer?
molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structural arrangemnts
What 2 things will cause polypeptides to lose their shape?
temperature and pH
What are the 3 general groups of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
When a protein loses its function and loses it configuration, what is it considered to be?
denatured
What is the function of an enzyme?
a catalyst that weakens chemical bonds so molecules can be made or broken down
What is the difference between a condensation reaction and a hydrolysis reaction?
condensation - reaction when monomers from a polymer and it involves a loss of water
hydrolysis - reaction when a polymer breaks down into monomers involving the addition of water
What types of molecules are nucleotides composed of?
phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base
Describe the enzyme-substrate complex.
enzyme, substrate, active site
What are the structural levels of proteins?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?
unsaturated - double bond; bent fatty acid tail
saturated - single bond; straight tails
In a carbon-carbon bond, what are the 4 elements that carbon usually bonds with?
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
Describe the arrangement of a phospholipid bilayer. Why is this configuration important
phospholipid heads arranged next to each other with the fatty acid tails facing each other. Limits entrance into the cell.
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA - double helix; stores info for replication and for the sequence of amino acids in proteins
RNA - single helix; translates the genetic code of DNA into amino acid sequence of proteins
What 3 factors denature enzymes?
change in pH, extreme temperature change, excess ions (salt)
Name the complimentary base pairs for DNA & RNA.
DNA - A&T & C&G
RNA - A&U & C&G