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Principles of Polymers
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Miscellaneous
100
Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, proteins
What are the four major classes of macromolecules?
100
The simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water. polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages
What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
100
A molecule composed of fatty acids attached to the three-carbon alcohol, glycerol? Consists of a glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group, to which other small molecules are attached. Head is hydrophilic and tail is hydrophobic. Class of lipids distinguished by four connected carbon rings with various functional groups attached.
What is a fat? What is a phospholipid? What is a steroid?
100
A unique three-dimensitional shape, or structure, created by twisting or folding of one or more polypeptide chains. a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of peptides.
What is a protein? What is a polypeptide?
100
Changes in: temperature, pH, salt content, transferring from an aqueous environment to a nonpolar solvent.
What are conditions that cause denaturation?
200
A very small molecule that is used to chemically bind and create polymers.
What is a monomer?
200
Covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
What is glyosidic linkage?
200
A covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group.
What is an ester linkage?
200
The sequence of amino acids. Determines the function of the protein, whether it's a specialized transport protein or enzyme.
What is the conformation of proteins and the importance of it?
200
Hydroxyl group, hydrogen atom, amino group, and r-group. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, polar, nonpolar.
What are the 4 main components of an amino acid? What are qualities that can be determined by the r-group of an amino acid?
300
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
What is a polymer?
300
Starch is constructed by glucose molecules joined by 1-4 linkages, in the alpha-helical shape. Cellulose is constructed in the beta-pleated sheets shape.
What is the difference in glycosidic linkages between starch and cellulose?
300
Fatty acids with a double bond in their carbon skeletons, not hydrogenated. The fats of plants and fish.
What is unsaturated fat?
300
The sequence of amino acids. RNA are instructed by DNA how to create it.
What is the primary structure?
300
Store and transmit hereditary information
What is the role of nucleic acids?
400
a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.
What is dehydration reaction?
400
When animals eat plants, the bacteria in the intestines breaks down the cellulose
What is the role of symbiosis in cellulose digestion by animals?
400
Fats with no double bonds in their carbon skeleton, and are hydrogenated. The main component of butter and lard.
What is saturated fat?
400
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet. Hydrogen bonding is between the carboxyl oxygen of one amino acid and the amino hydrogen of another.Results in stability of this.
What is secondary structure?
400
Pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds with the pentose sugar of another nucleotide.
What are the 3 components of nucleic acid, and how they connect to form a nucleic acid?
500
a chemical reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water.
What is hydrolysis?
500
A carbohydrates that serves a useful purpose as roughage which is also known as dietary fiber.
What is cellulose?
500
The main storage molecule for plants. The main storage molecule for animals.
What is starch? What is glycogen?
500
The overall shape of a protein from the interactions of the side chains of the R-groups. Difsulfide bridges and bonds like Van Der Waals interactions can strengthen polypeptide shape and reinforce a structure after a protein folds, and this overall shape is determined.
What is tertiary structure?
500
1)Has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. 1)Has a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. 2)Composed of three parts: nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and phosphate group. 2)The portion of this above unit without the phosphate group. 3) the sugar connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of RNA. 3)the sugar connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of DNA. 4)Cellular molecules have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis, this forms a double helix. The double helix consists of two antiparallel nucleotide strands, which contain 4 different nitrogenous bases.
1) What is pyramidine? 1) What is purine? 2) What is a nucleotide? 2) What is a nucleoside? 3) What is ribose? 3) What is deoxyribose? 4) What is the basic three-dimensional structure of DNA?