Applying Research
The five steps of a scientific manuscript
Introduction: develop the hypothesis; summary of paper
Methods: explanation of what was done (blueprint)
Results: presents findings
Discussion: interpreting the results
Understanding: how to apply it?
What are enzymes? Do they initiate or speed it up reactions?
Enzymes: protein molecules that facilitate a chemical reaction by lowering energy of activation
It does not initiate reaction; only speeds it up
What is Adenosine Triphosphate? Is it a product of aerobic or anaerobic metabolism or both? What is it composed of?
most important energy molecule in cells; product of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
- composed of: adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate molecules
Explain 3 stages of oxidative phosphorylation
1. Acetyl-CoA from catabolism of pyruvate enters Krebs Cycle
2. Each acetyl-CoA molecule, Krebs cycle produces 2CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
3. ETC facilitates majority of ATP production
What is the hormone-sensitive lipase?
breaks down triglycerides inside adipose cells into glycerol and fatty acids and released into blood; involved in process of lipolysis
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Metabolism
anaerobic: provides most energy during high-intensity; short-duration maximal physical activity
aerobic: provides majority of energy during long-duration, low intensity physical activity
describe the enzymatic reactions
catabolic reaction: breaking down substrate into molecules, releasing energy
anabolic reactions: using energy to form a product from separate molecules
explain the short and long term benefits of creatine
short-term benefits: increased cycling power, total work performed on bench press/jump squat; improvement in sport performance
long-term benefit: increased muscle creatine content; muscle diameter
Describe the major enzymatic systems for aerobic metabolism?
Krebs cycle: oxidize substrates; produces some ATP; derivates of protein, fat, carbs
Electron Transport Chain: produces majority of ATP; hydrogen carrier NAD+ and FAD transport Hydrogens and electrons to ETC
what is the respiratory exchange ration (RER)?
ration of O2 used and CO2 produced during metabolism (VCO2/VO2)
Explain metabolic role of recovery
intramuscular PC stores repleted/increase using ATP from aerobic metabolism, blood acidity and lactate levels reduce
there's a significance of O2 intake which is O2 deficit; steady-state and O2 debt
What is Glucose, Glycogen, & Glyogenolysis.
Glucose: simple sugar (blood sugar); can be used for energy or stored as glycogen
Glycogen: formation of glycogen from glucose
Glycogenolysis: breaking formation of glycogen into glucose
Explain adaptations of ATP-PC system to training
- increases activity of creatine kinase; increased intramuscular concentrations of ATP and PC at rest; IMPROVE PERFORMANCE
Explain ETC process
pair of electrons pass form 1 cytochrome to next realizing phosphorylate ADP & ATP; energy released by passing electrons used to pump hydrogen ions through pump complexes; oxygen acts as final hydrogen acceptor by forming H2O
Describe Cori Cycle and Lactate Shuttle
cori cycle: produce glucose from lactate even at rest
lactate shuttle hypothesis: lactate may also be used by tissues, including skeletal muscle, to synthesize glycogen or pyruvate
Independent vs Dependent Dariables
IV: factors that are controlled or selected by the investigator to be held constant or manipulated to see how dependent variables will react
DV: what is measured/responds to independent variables
three steps of the lock-and-key model of enzyme action
enzyme and substrates: substrate A and B approach the active sites on the enzyme
enzyme-substrate complex: substrate fits into the active sites, forming enzyme-substrate complex
reaction products and enzyme (uncharged): the enzyme releases the products C and D
Explain the ATP-PC System
Lasts 30 seconds; only small amount of ATP in cells; must be replenished quickly by phosphocreatine; anaerobic based system
During the role of mitochondria in oxidative metabolism what happens after entering the oxidative pathway?
After entering the oxidative pathway, the substrate enters the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain within the mitochondria
Explain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide
NAD: oxidized form: NAD+; reduced form: NADH
FAD: oxidized form: FAD; reduced form: FADH2
Both: carry molecules during bioenergetic reactions
tenacity vs authority
tenacity: hold a particular viewpoint because in our experience, it has always been true
authority: establishing a belief because someone else tells us it is true
What is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in glycolysis? (Net production)
produces energy; does NOT use oxygen;
1. energy investment phase: glucose > 2 ATP required
2. energy generation phrase: 4 ATP produced > 3 NADH produced > 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
what is the primary function of ATP in the cellular process? How does it accomplish this role?
ATP transfers energy within biological systems by releasing energy stores in its phosphate bonds during hydrolysis.
What is the depletion of PC?
does NOT not cause decrease of muscle force and fatigue; increases acidity & accumulation of Pi; recovery period is necessary when breaking down PC
What is lactate threshold? Untrained vs endurance trained?
exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid exceeds resting concentration
untrained: 50-60% of max O2 consumption
endurance trained: 65-80% of max O2 consumption