Ch4
What is cell theory?
all organisms are made of cells
What molecule makes up the majority of a cells membrane?
phospholipids
the 1st law of thermodynamics states that
energy CANNOT be created nor destroyed
what is an autotroph
organisms that can make its own nutrients
Explain the steps of the light reaction pathways in order. What enzymes are involved where and what is the products of each?
Light hits the reaction center in PSII and causes high energy electrons to enter the electron transport chain. H20 is used to replace electrons lost. ETC passes electrons down chain and moves hydrogens into stroma. H+ ion then move back into thylakoid space and pass through ATP synthase and generates ATP that is used in the Calvin cycle. Electrons are passed to PSI where light hits the reaction center causing NADP to become NADPH by using NADPH reductase. NADPH joins ATP in calvin cycle reactions
What are the 3 basic shapes of prokaryotic cells? scientific names only
coccus
bacillus
spirillum
What type of membrane protein is a pump and what is its function?
transmembrane
move molecules from low to high concentrations
What is free energy?
amount of energy left after a reaction has occured
What is the complete photosynthesis formula?
6CO2+6H2O+solar energy-> C6H12O6 and 6O2
What prokaryotic external structure allows for transmission of DNA?
Conjugation pili
The plasma membrane is typically permeable to what molecules?
hydrophobic as long as they are small enough
What do enzymes do to the activation energy of a reaction?
reduce it
what light does the chlorophyll pigment absorb
all visible light but green
What is the function of the following 3 organelles:
Mitochondria
golgi apparatus
rough ER
make ATP
modify and package proteins and lipids
modify proteins
Where will the water go if a cell is place in a hypotonic solution?
into the cell
explain the induced shape model?
the binding of the substrate to the enzyme causes a shape change in the enzyme that then causes a reaction in the substrates
What causes the need for the cyclic pathway?
ATP and NADPH are not made at the same amounts so electrons reenter the ETC to make more ATP to keep up with NADPH
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally small prokaryptes that were engulfed by larger eukaryotes
Explain how facilitated diffusion is accomplished
molecules move from high to low concentration through the use of a protein
How does noncompetative inhibition work?
the inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme and changes the shape of the active site so that the substrate can no longe bind
What types of plants have evolved to live in extremly DRY environments and what adpatation do they have?
CAM plants
seperate stages of photosynthesis into night and day