Development
This structure forms when cortical granules harden the vitelline layer, blocking polyspermy.
What is the fertilization envelope?
Which system uses chemical messengers called hormones to coordinate gradual changes like growth and digestion?
What is the endocrine system?
This refers to the minimum energy needed to maintain basic functions in a resting endotherm.
What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What are the three basic components of a circulatory system?
What are a circulatory fluid, vessels, and a pump (heart)?
What are the two main branches of the vertebrate immune system?
What are innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
The pole of the egg where yolk is concentrated.
What is the vegetal pole?
What type of cell supports and protects neurons in the nervous system?
What are glial cells?
This part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients.
What is the small intestine?
This structure in the mammalian heart prevents blood from flowing backward?
What are valves?
These cells produce antibodies?
What are plasma cells (from B cells)?
Maternal substances in the egg that influence early development.
What are cytoplasmic determinants?
This brain region acts as the master regulator of the endocrine system?
What is the hypothalamus?
These are the four stages of food processing in animals?
What are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination?
This is the protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
What is hemoglobin?
What molecule causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response?
What is histamine?
The three germ layers formed during gastrulation.
What are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?
These two hormones work antagonistically to regulate blood glucose levels?
What are insulin and glucagon?
These are the structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area for absorption.
What are folds, villi, and microvilli?
What is the functional advantage of having separate pulmonary and systemic circuits in double circulation?
What is it prevents mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood and allows higher pressure to systemic circulation?
Why would a secondary immune response produce more antibodies faster than a primary response?
What is because memory cells rapidly activate and differentiate into plasma cells, skipping the initial recognition and proliferation steps?
The structure formed when the neural plate folds in vertebrates.
What is the neural tube?
This type of hormone binds to a receptor inside the nucleus.
What is a lipid-soluble hormone?
A person consumes a high-protein meal. Trace the digestion of protein from ingestion to absorption, including enzymes and locations.
What is: starts in stomach (pepsin), continues in small intestine (pancreatic and epithelial enzymes), absorbed as amino acids through intestinal walls?
Explain how capillary structure is optimized for exchange and how this impacts blood pressure and flow velocity.
What is their thin walls and large surface area slow down flow and reduce pressure, allowing time for exchange of gases and nutrients?
Compare how cytotoxic T cells and antibodies each deal with infected cells or pathogens.
What is cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis in infected cells; antibodies mark pathogens in body fluids for destruction or neutralization?