Cancer
An overgrowth of abnormal cells that serve no useful purpose
Tumor
What do enzymes do in the cell?
They lower the activation energy of the reaction
What are the methods by which cancer is detected in the body?
MRI, PET scan, CT scan, screening mammogram, and diagnostic mammogram.
Describe how the information contained within a gene is expressed as a protein
Gene expression involves both the process of transcription and translation.
How does sickle-cell disease impact the Circulatory system?
the sickle shape to the RBC it can cause anemia and also can block and restrict blood flow to the organs and tissues
Cancer lining of the internal organs or skin
Carcinoma
A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in:
Checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle
How does cancer effect normal physiology and result in death?
It grows into key organs, nerves, or blood vessels, interfering with and impairing their function
How do cells divide normally and how is it regulated?
Through cell division- mitosis. The checkpoints in cell division are what regulate it.
How does sickle-cell disease impact the Respiratory system?
when the capillaries around the alveoli become blocked by the sickle RBCs it can cause acute chest syndrome
Cancer in the connective tissue, such as bones
Sarcoma
What are the three most common mutagens?
Viruses, radiation, and chemicals
How are researchers investigating new methods of treating cancer?
Studying the biology of cells further and comparing normal cells to cancer cells.
What is the process by which a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells. This process allows the body to grow and replace cells. RESULTS in 2 identical daughter cells.
Mitosis
Summarize some of the methods by which a genetic disease may be detected in an individual.
Three major types of genetic testing are available—cytogenetic, biochemical, and molecular testing
Cancer in cells and tissues of the immune system
Lymphoma
What is translation and transcription?
Transcription is the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
Translation is the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in mRNA
What are the various forms of chemotherapy?
Alkylating agents, Anti-metabolites, Hormonal agents, Topoisomerase inhibitors.
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is composed of 4 globins:
-2 beta
-2 alpha
Describe how genome editing may be used to treat a genetic disease.
With the use of CRISPR technology, RNA mutation is modified briefly, which not only avoids the irreversible modification of the genome but also can repair protein function in almost all cells to treat a variety of diseases
What is the main difference between Stage 0 and Stage 1
The cancer cells have begun to spread to a few lymph nodes
What does PCR(polymerase chain reaction) do?
Makes millions of copies of the gene of interest (amount doubles with each cycle- usually around 30-45 cycles
A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in:
Checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle
Describe forms of non-Mendelian genetic inheritance
This includes inheritance of multiple allele traits, codominance, incomplete dominance and polygenic traits.
Explain the process by which DNA is replicated in the cell and the importance of the polymerase reaction.
Replication occurs in three major steps:
the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands,
the priming of the template strand
the assembly of the new DNA segment
Polymerase reaction is responsible for synthesizing the DNA