Fungi
Fungi are _______ _______ : they break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto a substrate and then absorb the resulting small food molecules.
Absorptive heterotrophs
Which fungal lifestyle is characterized by absorbing food from cells of living hosts?
Parasitic fungi
_____ polysaccharides form the major constituent in the cell walls of fungi.
Chitin
Which germ layer forms muscles and some organs?
Mesoderm
What body plan is free-swimming and has a bell-shaped body with the mouth on the underside?
Medusa
What group consists of dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates?
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Are Molluscs deuterstomes?
No
"Serially repeated sections along the anterior/posterior axis" is the definition of?
Segmentation
Arthropods have a developed ______ nerve system
Ventral
Fungal _____ have a small volume but large surface area, enhancing the fungal absorptive capacity.
Hyphae
What kind of symmetry does an organism that has all its body parts arranged around a single main axis have?
Radial
What group includes organisms that are often single-celled and aquatic and include decomposers, parasites and mutualists?
Chytrids
What body plan adheres to a substrate by the aboral end (end opposite the mouth)?
Polyps
What does the “ctenes” in Ctenophores mean?
Comb-like plates of fused cilia that propel them through water
What group in Cnidaria contains the box jellies?
Cuboza which falls under Medusozoa
How many shells do Gastropods have?
One; they are univalves
______ were called the "intestines of the soil" by Aristotle
Earthworms; they feed on decayed organic matter and improve texture of soil
________ include sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, and more
Chelicerates
Which clade includes fungi, animals, and a few protist relatives?
Opisthokonts
Which germ layer gives rise to the outer covering of the animal?
Ectoderm
Sac fungi (Ascomycetes) and club fungi (Basidiomycetes) fall under which group?
Dikarya
True or False? Sponges have both male and female reproductive parts.
True
What type of symmetry do Ctenophores and Cnidarians have?
Radial symmetry
What does Platyhelminth mean?
"Flatworm"
What group underwent torsion?
Gastropods
What group is characterized by no segmentation (internally), no setae, is hermaphroditic and mostly lives in freshwater environments?
Leeches
Scorpions have modified _______ called pinchers
Pedipalps
Which fungal lifestyle requires the use of adhesives and/or constricting rings?
Predatory fungi
The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi are pedestals called _______ , which hold up the basidiospores.
Basidia
What kind of symmetry is characterized by having body parts arranged around 2 axes (head-tail and dorsal-ventral)?
Bilateral
What is a synapomorphy of Cnidaria?
Nematocysts (stinging organelles)
What defines an invertebrate?
Animals that lack a backbone
What is cephalization?
Developing a distinct head
Do bivalves have a radula?
No; use suspension feeding
______ are animals that shed a tough external shell
Ecdysozoa
How many pairs of antennae do crustaceans have?
Two pairs
What disease is responsible for amphibian population crashes, causing skin infections in frogs and other amphibians?
Chytridiomycosis; caused by Chytrid fungus (Bd)
A body cavity that forms from tissue derived from the mesoderm is called?
Coelom
________ are collections of specialized cells that act as a functional unit.
Tissues
Cnidarians are diploblastic meaning they have two layers. What are the two layers?
Ectoderm (epidermis) and Endoderm (gastrodermis)
What does Porifera lack?
Tissues
What are ocelli?
Eyespots
What organisms are included in Cephalopoda?
Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus and more
Majority of known animal species are in _________
Arthropoda
What are the 3 parts found in an insect body plan?
The sexual reproductive structure of sac fungi is the ______ , which is a sac that encases the ascospores.
Ascus
“True fungi,” which include mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, coral fungi, toadstools, and bird’s nest fungi, fall under which group?
Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
A ______ ______ is a fluid or air-filled space located between the endoderm and the ectoderm.
Body cavity
Expulsion of zooxanthellae is known as?
Coral bleaching
Which group contains true jellyfish?
Scyphozoa
Do tapeworms have a digestive system?
No; they don't have a mouth, instead they absorb nutrients directly from host intestine
The siphon that cephalopods use for movement via jet propulsion is a modified version of?
The mantle
A key ________ trait is segmented, hard exoskeleton with jointed appendages
Arthropod
Who are the social insects?
Bees, ants, termites, and wasps
Multiple rounds of cell division without cell growth is called _______ .
Cleavage
When two species are in close association and both parties benefit it is called _______ _______ .
Symbiotic mutualism
Which germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract/cavity and the lining of organs?
Endoderm
Water is drawn through the central cavity through pores called the spongocoel. This is how sponges feed and is known as ______ _______ .
Filter feeding
Do Cnidarians have a coelom?
No; they are diploblastic and therefore do not have coelom although they do have mesoglea
What part of the tapeworm has suckers and hooks for attachment?
Scolex
Skeletal structure made of silica or calcium carbonate found in sponges is called?
Spicules
Arthropoda means "______ ______"
Jointed foot
What makes a taxon "eusocial"?
Cooperative care of young; specialized castes; overlapping generations in a single nest; shared, defended, and temperature regulated nests
A multicellular, embryonic hollow ball is called a _______ .
Blastula
Which fungal lifestyle involves fungi taking up nutrients from nonliving organic matter and led to the name “Earth’s garbage disposal”?
Saprobic fungi
If the mouth develops from the blastopore then an organism is classified as a _________ .
Protostome
What is the outgroup of invertebrates?
Porifera
What Cnidarian clade has only polyp forms and includes sea anemones and corals?
Anthozoa
What tissue is responsible for secreting the shell of Molluscs?
Annelids means "_______ _______"
Little rings
What are the two main groups in Ecdysozoa?
Arthropods and Nematodes
_______ are the most abundant organism
Nematodes
_______ results in the layers of embryonic tissues.
Gastrulation
Which group of fungi includes molds and arbuscular fungi?
Mucoromycetes
What's an example of a symbiotic relationship between organisms?
Lichens (fungus + algae or cyanobacterium)
A shelf of tissue on the inner edge of the bell of the medusa is called?
Velum
Reef building corals have symbiotic relationships with endosymbiotic ____________
Zooxanthellae
Why are Planaria significant in biological research?
They have near limitless capacity to regenerate
Annelids have what kind of circulatory system?
Closed
______ is regional fusion and specialization of serially repeated segments
Tagmata
What is the only food that can never go bad?
Honey
What is one function of a body cavity?
Cushion for suspended organs, structural support, facilitate transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes
What are the two synapomorphies of Dikarya?
Septate hyphae and dikaryotic stage in life cycle
Morels, most yeasts, molds, and lichens fall under which group?
Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)
What group alternates between polyp and medusa forms and has a velum?
Hydrozoa
Corals, jellies, hydras and anemones all fit into which group?
Cnidaria
What groups are found in Lophotrochozoa?
Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Mollusca, Annelida
What group contains marine worms, is dioecious, has clear cephalization and has parapodia?
Polychaeta
How is hemolymph different from blood?
Hemolymph doesn't carry oxygen
How many bones do humans have in an ear?
Three