Birds
What organism is known as the earliest known bird?
Archaeopteryx
Birds use ______ factors such as variation in day length and temperature to determine when to migrate
External
______ ______ separates nasal cavity and oral cavity
Secondary palate
Ostriches, emus, and kiwis fall into which group?
Paleognathae -> ratites
_______ have one pair of temporal holes (mammals)
Synapsids
Which group contains the platypus and echidna?
Monotremes
What are two disadvantages of migration?
Energy costly, risk of predation, risk of injury, and loss of territory
Birds use ______ factors such as energy balance and state of gonads to determine when to migrate
Internal
_______ is swinging from branch to branch
Brachiation
What are three advantages of migration?
Weather is better, more food in the south, longer daylight hours to search for food, breeding grounds not as crowded, abundant food, longer daylight hours to search for food, predators not as adapted to eating birds
Large _______ ________ occurred in the Cenozoic era after dinosaurs went extinct
Adaptive radiation
_______ are placental mammals
Eutherians
What organism are found within Archosaurs?
Crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds
The incus and the malleus were originally part of which joint?
The jaw joint
Which group of organisms is characterized by a very short gestation period, live birth, and a pouch to hold developing young (in many species)?
Marsupials
What is unique about the respiratory system of birds?
Extensive system of air sacs that connect to lungs, breathing happens in 2 cycles, air only moves in one direction through lungs
What are two derived characteristics of mammals?
Mammary glands (milk), hair and fat layer under skin, endothermic, diphyodont, heterodont teeth, secondary palate
Did humans evolve recently?
Yes; relative to the rest of life, humans have evolved very recently
What are two advantages of flight?
Enhances scavenging and hunting, readily escape, migration to exploit resources and for seasonal breeding areas
What is a disadvantage of being endothermic?
Requires high metabolic rate -> high energy input
What are three advantages of milk?
Maternal regulation of offspring development beyond gestation, allows for significant post-natal growth, flexibility in habitat, longer periods of parental care
What are two crocodilian characteristics?
Sister taxa to birds/dinosaurs, restricted to warm waters, all carnivorous, lie in wait before ambushing prey, parental care in some species
_______ (egg laying mammals) lack nipples
Monotremes
What are the three main groups found in primates?
Lemurs, Lorises, and bush babies; Tarsiers; Anthropoids
What are two characteristics of Archaeopteryx?
Teeth, clawed digits, long tail, running start to flight
What are three advantages of being endothermic?
Can occupy colder climates, stable environment for internal reproduction, flexible in body size, pathogen defense
What are four features of primates?
Hands and feet adapted for grasping, a relatively large brain and short jaws, forward-looking eyes close together on the face, well-developed parental care, and complex social behavior
What are five defining characteristics of Neognathae?
No urinary bladder, only one ovary (only females), small gonads (both sexes), toothless mouths, air-filled bones with honeycombed internal structure, feathers made of B-keratin, large pectoral muscles anchored to keel on sternum, endothermic, internal fertilization, brooding, complex behaviors (including courtship rituals)
What are three functions of hair?
Insulation, water conservation, protects against temperature extremes, can be modified (defensive hairs, scales, whiskers)
What are two characteristics of Apes?
Long arms, short legs, no tail; increasing brain-to-body size ratio; only gibbons and orangutangs are primarily arboreal