Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
To which evolutionary group do the lineages ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes belong?
Jawed Fishes
Animals have 4 main categories of tissue. What are they? What tissue type is bone?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue; bone is a connective tissue.
What are the 4 basic categories of food biomolecules?
Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and fats (lipids)
What is the difference between diastole and systole?
Diaatole is heart relaxation, systole is heart contraction
What are the 4 attributes needed for effective respiration?
The region of gas exchange must be moist, thin, and have a large surface area, and the diffusing gas must have a large concentration difference.
What is the difference between a non-prehensile tail and a prehensile tail?
A prehensile tail can grasp and hold objects, while a non-prehensile tail cannot.
Looking at this image (slide), what kind of epithelial cell is this, and where would it be found in the body?
Simple squamous epithelium; found in the capillaries and alveoli (lungs)
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for the release of enzymes used to fight parasites and destroy allergens?
Eosinophils
In what 3 ways is CO2 transported through the body?
Bound to hemoglobin as a carbamate group (--N-CO2), dissolved as CO2 gas, and as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
BONUS: which method of transport is used the most?
Put the following groups into the correct evolutionary origin:
Chordates, Jawed Vertebrates, Craniates, Vertebrates, Amniotes, Tetrapods
Chordates, Craniates, Vertebrates, Jawed Vertebrates, Tetrapods, Amniotes
We discussed 6-7 main types of connective tissue in lecture. A network of collagen fiber and elastin fibers characterizes one type in particular. Which type is this and what is its function?
Loose connective tissue; functions to provide a flexible and supportive framework for organs and tissues.
Which vitamin is found in citrus fruits and broccoli, and is often used in collagen synthesis and functions as an antioxidant?
BONUS: what disease is associated with a lack of this vitamin?
Vitamin C
BONUS: scurvy (degeneration of the skin and teeth, delayed wound healing)
What is unique about an amphibian heart and how is it different than human hearts?
Amphibian hearts have 3 chambers (two atria and one ventricle) with an incomplete septum, allowing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, while a human heart has 4 chambers (two atria and two ventricles) with a complete septum, separating the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (more efficient).
What are the 3 main components of an insect tracheal system?
Air sacs, trachea, spiracles
BONUS: What do spiracles do?
What were 3 obstacles faced by terrestrial vertebrates in adapting to life on land?
Gas exchange, water, structural support, locomotion, sensory organs, sexual reproduction
Describe the cycle of events that occur when body temperature falls below the homeostatic set point (hint: what happens in the blood vessels and the muscles?)
1. Temperature falls below a set point
2. Brain activates warming mechanisms
3. Blood vessels constrict and the muscles start shivering to generate heat
4. Temperature increases back to the homeostatic set point (~37 degrees C)
Describe the general steps of carbohydrate digestion, starting from starch or glycogen and ending with glucose.
Starch is degraded by amylase into maltose; maltose is degraded into glucose via maltase
Glucose is them absorbed into the intestinal wall.
What is the role of fibrinogen in blood clotting?
Fibrin filaments trap more platelets and RBCs that collectively form the blood clot, thus plugging the leak.
Describe what happens to our blood when you hold your breath.
The blood oxygen concentration falls and the blood CO2 concentration rises, causing pH to drop (becomes more acidic); sensors in blood vessels and the medulla signal to the diaphragm to increase the rate/depth of breathing to return blood pH to normal (~7.4).
In human evolution, there is a famous specimen named Lucy. To what group did she belong, and what is her significance?
Australopiths afarensis; represents a crucial transitional form between apes and early humans and demonstrated the origins of bipedal locomotion and our hominin lineage.
Describe the functions of the endocrine system and the integumentary system in the human body.
Endocrine: produces and secretes hormones that regulate activities of the body to maintain an internal steady state (homeostasis).
Integumentary (skin): protects the body against physical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, and drying out.
How is leptin associated with obesity?
Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by fat cells that signals the brain to suppress appetite. Obese individuals do not produce enough leptin or leptin receptors, meaning they are unable to sense when they are full, causing weight gain.
Describe the blood flow through the heart, starting in the right atrium (do not have to include valves).
(slide for diagram)
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lung capillaries, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, tissue capillaries, superior vena cava, (right atrium)
Cigarette smoke contains a lot of carbon monoxide (CO), which becomes bound to fetal hemoglobin if a mother smokes during pregnancy. What effects would smoking have on both the mother and the fetus?
Mother: blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow (circulation) while increasing blood pressure
Baby: CO binding to the fetus's hemoglobin prevents it from carrying oxygen, which is already in short supply due to nicotine-promoted vasoconstriction of the Mom’s blood vessels