Chapter 10
The process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA
Transcription
The 3rd type of individual physical requirements for microbial growth, along with pH and temperature.
Osmolarity
A synthetic substance that interferes with the growth of microbes.
Antimicrobial drug or antimicrobial agent
A foreign substance that generates an immune response.
Antigen
This pyrimidine pairs with guanine in both DNA and RNA.
Cytosine
This enzyme unwinds the two strands of DNA.
This class of microbes tolerates oxygen but cannot use it.
This term means to prevent microbes from growing, as opposed to killing microbes directly.
Bacteriostatic
The most abundant type of white blood cell, it is attracted by chemical signals from infected tissues to engulf and destroy pathogens.
Neutrophils
This type of lymphocyte runs the humoral immune response.
B cells
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to this "end" of DNA.
3' (read: 3 prime)
This phase of microbial growth is characterized by cells altering their metabolism to adapt a new environment.
Lag phase
This person was known for founding the field of chemotherapy but developing the first targeted and effective treatment for syphilis.
Paul Ehrlich
These are highly conserved structures displayed by most pathogens (ex: lipid A, lipoteichoic acid).
PAMPS or Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into various types of blood cells.
Hematopoiesis
This person's X-ray crystallography work was crucial in the discovery of the DNA double helix structure, though she did not receive full recognition for her contributions during her lifetime.
Rosalind Franklin
The reduction in the number of microbes on living tissue.
Antisepsis
This class of beta-lactam antibacterial agents has 5 generations, each of which inhibits a certain set of microbes.
Cephalosporins
This function of antibodies is characterized by antibodies binding to antigens on bacteria to promote phagocytosis.
Opsonization
This test can determine both the MIC and the MBC of an antimicrobial drug.
Broth dilution test
A segment of DNA capable of independent replication and inserting the copy into a new position in the genome.
Transposon
Quorum sensing.
The "E" in E test stands for this.
Epsilometer
This type of immunity refers to antibodies that are introduced, conferring immediate but temporary protection.
Passive
Ex: IgG crossing the placenta from mom to fetus, IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk
This two-part prefix to "trophs" describes some archaea that get their carbon from organic compounds and their energy from light.
photoheterotrophs