Reproduction
How do sexually reproducing organisms grow into a mature form
the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development
apoptosis
What do we call it when normal animal cells stop growing when they become to crowded and what inhibits this cell division
density-dependence inhibition
cell-surface proteins between these cells inhibits growth
What is an example of a diploid-dominant organism?
Most animals!
What are two outcomes of meiosis
1. reduces the amount of genetic material in gametes (halves the ploidy)
2. produces gametes that genetically differ in combination of alleles they carry
What do we call the full set of DNA present in an organism's cells called
What does mitosis result in (INCLUDE THE PLOIDY FOR POINTS)
Results in 2 diploid daughter cells from 1 diploid parent cell
What is cancer? What does it lose?
A disease of the cell cycle, divide indefinitely and invade other tissues. Loses contact inhibition and stickiness
What is an example of a haploid-dominant organism!
Fungi or algae
After a female gamete goes through the process of meiosis, how many polar bodies degrade in total?
2
How do chromosomes differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA
Eukaryotic cells have linear DNA
In what phase are sister chromatids synthesized? What are they held together by?
They are formed during the S phase in interphase and are held together by a centromere
What type of tumor is the kind that spreads? Why is this bad?
Malignant tumors- can displace normal tissues and interrupt organ function
Go through the diploid dominant lifecycle
A mature organism (2n) produces a gamete (1n) through MEIOSIS, gamete joins with another (fertilization) to create a zygote and grows into adulthood through MITOSIS
Explain the process of crossing over
-in order to get points you must answer what it does, what the process is, and what step of meiosis this occurs in
Creates genetic recombination, occurs through a tight pairing of homologous chromosomes & sister chromatids exchanging gene segments, occurs in prophase I
What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
Homologous chromosomes are different chromosomes but contain the same genes
After DNA replication, sister chromatids are formed and they are exactly the same to each other
When does the spindle assembly checkpoint occur and what does it do?
Occurs during metaphase, assesses whether chromosomes have aligned on the metaphase plate. Assesses anaphase readiness
What do you call it when cancer cells break a part from a tumor and enter the circulatory system?
metastasis
A mature organism fuses its nucleus with another mature organism (nuclear fusion) creating a diploid zygospore. Through MEISOSIS, spores are released and grow into mature organisms through mitosis.
What is the ploidy of the 2 daughter cells after meiosis I occurs but before meiosis II? Why is it different than in the final daughter cells?
Ploidy is still diploid (2n), however another cell division occurs & since there is no duplication of dna in between meiosis I & II, then the ploidy is halved in the end (1n)
What occurs during each step of interphase?
G1: growth and repair, accumulating building blocks of dna and protein
S: dna replication creates 2 identical copies of each chromosome
G2: additional growth, replenish energy, duplicate some organelles
What are all the steps of mitosis and what happens in each?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Name the different kinds of cancers and the tissues they originate
Sarcomas- tissue that supports the body
Leukemias- blood-forming tissue
Lymphomas- lymph nodes
Go through the alternation-of-generation lifecycle
Mature sporophyte (2n) creates spores (1n) through MEIOSIS. Spores grow into mature gametophyte (1n) through MITOSIS, produces gametes, which join together to form a zygote which grows back into a mature sporophyte through MITOSIS
Go through ALL the steps of meiosis and explain what is occurring in each
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I & Cytokinesis
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II & Cytokinesis