cellular respiration
What is the reduced form of NAD? What is the oxidized form?
NADH = reduced form
NAD+ = oxidized form
What does photosynthesis produce?
1. Oxygen (O2)
2. Simple carbohydrates that can be
converted into glucose, sucrose, etc.
Gametes have n = ___ chromosomes, while somatic cells have 2n = ___ chromosomes.
23, 46
Mitosis occurs during the ___ phase of the cell cycle
Mitotic / M phase
meiosis has ___ rounds and produces ___ number of ___ gametes
2,4,hapolid
What product from glycolysis goes into the citric acid cycle?
pyruvate
Gas exchange occurs through what?
stomata
The two major phases of the cell cycle are?
interphase and mitotic phase
What happens during metaphase?
all chromosomes are aligned on the equatorial plate; sister chromatids are tightly attached
What stage does crossing over happen?
prophase 1
In the absence of oxygen, _____ occurs and produces ___, which can be made into pyruvic acid.
lactic acid fermentation
___ have more energy than ___ wavelengths
shorter, longer
Interphase contains ___ number of phases. What are they?
three phases, G1, S, and G2.
At the end of mitosis, there is a total number of ___ daughter cells that are ___ to the mother cell.
two, genetically identical
In meiosis, there is/are ___ round(s) of chromosome replication and is-are ___ round(s) of nuclear division
1, 2
How many turns are there in the citric acid cycle? What are the products once it's complete?
2 cycles --
NADH: 6
FADH2: 2
ATP: 2
What are the two parts of photosynthesis? What happens during them?
Light-dependent reaction (sunlight -> chemical energy) and light-independent reaction (chemical energy -> sugar)
What does the G1 checkpoint check for? What happens if a cell does not meet these conditions?
Ensures conditions are acceptable for cell growth
1. Growth factors play role
2. Checks for genomic damage
3. Nutrients
4. Cell size
If conditions are not met the cycle stops
Attempt to remedy problem
Remain in G0
In anaphase, how are chromosomes being pulled apart? Which checkpoint ensures that everything is set up for this?
The spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore will help pull them apart. The M phase will check and make sure that spindle fibers are attached.
Which phase includes homologous chromosomes randomly lining up on the equatorial plate?
metaphase 1
In chemiosmosis, the flow of ___ generates energy to add phosphate to ADP to give ATP
H+
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the entire equation for photosynthesis?
A cyclin is a ___ regulator, which helps cells ____. A p53 protein is a ___ regulator, which looks for ___.
positive regulator that helps cells go through checkpoints.
Negative regulator that looks for damaged DNA (can induce apoptosis or bring enzymes to repair it)
What are all of the phases of Mitosis and a general description of what happens in each phase?
Prophase (prepare), prometaphase (match), metaphase (middle), anaphase (apart), telophase (two)
What is the most important thing in meiosis that does not happen in mitosis? What two things cause this>
genetic variation - crossover and independent assortment