Central dogma and genetic code
This concept describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein
central dogma
This enzyme is responsible for breaking hydrogen bonds between DNA strands and linking RNA nucleotides together
RNA polymerase
These non-coding sequences are cut out of the pre-mRNA transcript during RNA splicing
introns
These molecules act as "deliverers," carrying a specific amino acid on one end and an anticodon on the other
tRNA
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can happen simultaneously because they both occur in this part of the cell
cytoplasm
This term describes the genetic code because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
redundant or degenerate (both answers ok)
In RNA, this nitrogenous base replaces Thymine and pairs with Adenine
uracil
These coding regions are joined together to form the mature mRNA that will be translated into a protein
exons
This cellular structure, made of two subunits, facilitates the pairing of mRNA codons with tRNA anticodons
ribosome
In eukaryotic cells, transcription takes place in this organelle
nucleus
This is the specific start codon (and its corresponding amino acid) that sets the reading frame for translation
AUG (methionine)
This stretch of DNA serves as the recognition and recruitment site where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind
promoter
This complex of proteins and catalytic RNA (ribozymes) is responsible for carrying out RNA splicing
spliceosome
This specific tRNA binding site in the ribosome holds the tRNA that is carrying the growing polypeptide chain
P site
Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes do not require this step before their RNA is ready for translation
RNA transcript modification (RNA processing also ok)
This is the number of nucleotides in a single codon, which provides 64 possible combinations for 20 amino acids
3 (triplets)
During elongation, RNA polymerase always adds new nucleotides to this specific end of the growing RNA transcript
3' end
This process allows a single gene to produce multiple different proteins by selecting different combinations of exons
alternative splicing
These types of covalent bonds are formed between amino acids during the elongation stage of translation
peptide bonds
These 2 scientists proposed the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis after studying bread mold mutants
Beadle and Tatum
Because almost all living organisms use the same set of amino acids and the same nucleotide codes, the genetic code is said to be this
universal
These specific types of proteins aid in the initiation and regulation of transcription by helping recruit RNA polymerase
transcription factors
These two modifications are added to the ends of a eukaryotic pre-mRNA to protect it and help it exit the nucleus
5' cap and 3' poly A tail
Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and this protein is recruited to cause the release of the polypeptide
release factor
After translation, many eukaryotic proteins are sent to this organelle system for final folding and packaging
endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum also ok)