Nucleic Acids
Proteins that chromatin wraps around
What are histones?
New DNA is synthesized in this direction
What is 5' → 3'?
Bind and transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain
Division in somatic cells
What is mitosis?
A particular form of a gene
What is an allele?
Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine
What are pyrimidines?
Enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands
What is helicase?
Coding regions of eukaryotic genes that will be part of the final mRNA product
What are exons?
Stage in which DNA replication occurs
What is S phase?
A cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reversed compared with the prior cross
What is a reciprocal cross?
Linkages that form the sugar-phosphate backbone
What are phosphodiester linkages?
Attach to the separated strands to prevent them from closing
What are single-stranded binding proteins? (SSBPs)
100–250 adenine nucleotides; needed for translation and protects from degradation
What is a 3′ poly(A) tail?
Noncancerous and non-invasive tumours
What are benign tumours?
The expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross
What is 3:1?
DNA
↓ (transcription)
mRNA
↓
tRNA
↓ (translation)
protein
What is the Central Dogma in Molecular Biology?
Joined together by ligase
What are Okazaki fragments?
The site in the ribosome that holds the tRNA with the growing polypeptide attached
What is the P site? (peptidyl)
What is anaphase I?
A phenomenon where one gene masks the effect of another gene at a different locus
What is epistasis?
Scientists that determined two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between pyrimidines and purines
(full names for full points!)
Who are James Watson and Francis Crick?
UV light and some chemicals can cause these to form
(mistake in DNA synthesis)
What are thymine dimers?
Start codon AND amino acid it codes for
What is AUG and modified methionine?
Down syndrome is another name for this condition
What is trisomy 21?
Human genetic disease that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine (is an example of a gene-by-environment interaction)
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?