Biomolecules
The four classes of biomolecules (their monomer & polymer).
What are proteins/amino acids, lipids/fatty acids, carbohydrates/monosaccharides, and nucleic acids/nucleotides?
The difference in the amount or concentration of a substance between two connected areas or across a cell membrane.
What is a concentration gradient?
A testable prediction or explanation for an observation that guides further research.
What is a hypothesis?
Makes eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells.
What is membrane-bound organelles, unicellular & multicellular, and chromosomes?
Recharge the signal so electrical impulses jump rapidly down the nerve cell
What is the Nodes of Ranvier?
Energy is released when this happens..
What is bonds breaking?
Specialized channel proteins in cell membranes that let water molecules move in and out of cells very quickly.
What are aquaporins?
The need for replication in scientific studies.
What is to reduce bias, eliminate false positives, and create reliable research?
Describe the function of the nucleus and mitochondria.
What is housing DNA (nucleus) and producing ATP?
A rapid, temporary rise and fall of electrical voltage across a cell membrane, allowing neurons and muscle cells to send signals.
What is action potential?
Carbon can form a large diversity of biomolecules because of this.
What is having the ability to form 4 stable bonds?
Difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins.
What is open channels (channel protein) and binding to the target molecule (carrier proteins)?
A researcher studying the effects of caffeine on sleep quality recruits 200 participants, and asks them to keep a detailed log of how many cups of coffee they voluntarily drink each day, then record how many hours of sleep they get each night.
What is an observational study?
Describe the function of the chloroplasts and vacuoles.
What is photosynthesis (chloroplasts) and regulating water content (vacuole)?
The influx of calcium ions at the axon terminal, triggering the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse.
What is an action potential being converted into a chemical signal?
Name the function of each biomolecule.
What is
Lipids - storing energy, membrane structure
Proteins - structure, function, tissue regulation
Nucleic Acids - store, transmit, and express genetic info
Carbohydrates - primary fuel source, energy storage?
Passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient utilizing carrier or channel proteins.
What is facilitated diffusion?
A researcher recruits 200 participants, randomly divides them into two equal groups, and strictly control their intake of caffeine by requiring Group A to drink three cups of caffeinated coffee at 4:00 PM while forcing Group B to drink plain water.
What is an experimental study?
Name the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
What is ribosomes?
A rapid, temporary change in a neuron's electrical membrane potential, driven by the movement of ions across the cell membrane
What is an action potential developing?
To speed up a chemical reaction or to spark a sudden change and make something start happening.
What is catalyzing chemical reactions (enzyme)?
Utilizing energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
What is active transport?
Identify the independent and dependent variables.
A researcher places 30 identical tomato plants in the exact same soil and sunlight. The scientist randomly assigns them to three groups: Group A receives no fertilizer, Group B receives 5 grams daily, and Group C receives 10 grams daily. After six weeks, the researcher measures the final height of each plant in centimeters.
What is fertilizer dose (independent variable) and plant growth (dependent variable)?
Describe how the function of the plasma membrane effects its function (what can get through easily/what cannot).
What is formed by a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward. Creates selective permeability, allowing small, nonpolar molecules to pass through easily while blocking charged ions and large polar molecules. This maintains homeostasis, protects the cell, and enables energy production by controlling exactly what enters and exits?
Voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage-gated potassium channels, and the sodium-potassium pump.
What are the transport proteins involved in action potential?