Functional groups
Which functional group is most important for cellular energy?
phosphate group
These isomers differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond or ring.
Cis–trans isomers
Two monosaccharides joined together form this.
Disaccharide
Which macromolecule group do enzymes belong to?
Amino acids
Fats are characterized by these long nonpolar chains.
Hydrocarbon tails
This functional group determines whether a sugar is an aldose or a ketose.
Carbonyl group
These isomers differ in how atoms are connected.
Structural isomers
This covalent bond links monosaccharides together.
Glycosidic linkage
The repeating subunit of a polymer is called this.
Monomer
This process breaks polymers into monomers and occurs during digestion.
Hydrolysis
This functional group donates H⁺ ions and behaves as an acid.
Carboxyl Group
These are mirror-image isomers common in amino acids and sugars
Enantiomers
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
CH2O
This reaction links monomers by removing OH + H to form water.
Dehydration reaction
What does the term amphipathic mean, and name one example of an amphipathic molecule.
Amphipathic: a molecule with both a polar (hydrophilic) part and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) part.
Example: phospholipid.
This functional group accepts H⁺ ions and behaves as a base.
Amino group
This is a common enantiomer in medicine
Ibuprofen (S vs R ibuprofen) OR
Albuterol (R vs S albuterol)
A carbonyl + hydroxyl group
In a hydrolysis reaction energy is ____
released
A triglyceride is composed of
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
List ALL polar functional groups and List ALL non polar
Polar:
Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, carbonyl
Non polar: Sulfhydryl, and Methyl
Cis–trans isomerism usually occurs because this type of bond prevents free rotation.
Double bond
The 2 main functions of polysaccarides are:
Storage and structure
(Glycogen= storage, Cellulose= structure)
What type of macromolecule stores genetic information in cells?
Nucleic Acids
This feature of fatty acids determines whether a fat is saturated or unsaturated and strongly affects melting point.
Presence or absence of cis double bonds