Sensory Pathways
What is the first step of every sensory pathway where a stimulus is detected?
Sensory reception
Which sensory receptor detects pressure, touch, and stretch?
Mechanoreceptors
What is the function of the pinna?
Captures sound waves
What is the scientific term for the sense of taste?
Gustation
What two lines define the boundaries and center of a sarcomere?
Z-lines and M-line
Which step converts a detected stimulus into a receptor potential?
Transduction
Which receptor type detects solute concentration and chemical levels?
Chemoreceptors
What ear structure directs sound waves toward the tympanic membrane?
Auditory canal
What is the scientific term for the sense of smell?
Olfaction
What does a motor unit consist of?
One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls
Which step turns a receptor potential into an action potential traveling to the CNS?
Transmission
Which receptor responds to light, electricity, and magnetism?
Electromagnetic receptors
Compound eyes contain many individual light-detecting units called what?
Ommatidia
What structure do invertebrates use to detect gravity and balance?
Statocysts
What are the three types of skeletons found in animals?
Exoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton, endoskeleton
What term refers to the brain’s interpretation and construction of sensory stimuli?
Perception
Which receptors respond to extreme pressure or temperature?
Pain receptors (nociceptors)
Which part of the eye maintains optical clarity and shape with gel-like fluid?
Vitreous humor
What part of the vertebrate eye brings blood to the retina?
Choroid
What are the three types of muscle fibers used for different speeds of contraction?
Slow-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch glycolytic
What term describes strengthening a sensory signal during transduction?
Amplification
Name all five categories of sensory receptors.
Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors
Name the four major cell types found in the retina.
Ganglion cells, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells
What is the primary function of the sclera?
Protection of the eye
Describe the cross-bridge cycle in muscle contraction.
Myosin binds actin → power stroke → ATP binds to release myosin → ATP hydrolyzes to reset the head → cycle repeats