Chapter 1
What is the basic unit of life?
Cell
What is mass number and how to calculate neurons?
14
C
6
Mass number: sum of all protons and neutrons in atomic nucleus.
Carbon atom: Mass number of 14.
Carbon: 14(mass#) – 6 (atomic#)= 8 neutrons
NOTE (for ppl that didn't attend my RV): For ch 2 make sure
electronegativity: (like to know which one has higher/lower electronegativity)
increases from bottom left to upper right of periodic table
•Fluorine (F) is most electronegative element
We don’t include Group 8.
Is phospholipid head hydrophobic or hydrophilic with water?
hydrophilic (attracted to water)
Phospholipid TAIL is hydrophobic, which means it repels water.
Cell division occurs during:
M phase.
G1 phase.
S phase.
G2 phase.
M phase
G1 phase (1st gap) – cell performs normal daily metabolic activities
S phase (synthesis) – DNA synthesis (replication) occurs
G2 phase (2nd gap) – cellular growth
Organize the level of Structural Organization and Body Systems from smallest to largest
Tissue level, organ system, chemical level, organ system level, organism level, cellular level
Chemical level < Tissue level < Cellular level < Organ level < Organ system level < Organism level
What is the 4 major elements, that human body is made up of?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Movement of solvent across the plasma membrane occurs from ______solute concentration to ____solute concentration.
low, high
This process, known as osmosis, entails transferring water (the solvent), to both sides of the membrane in order to balance the concentrations of the solutes.
Where does transcription occur?
Where does translation occur?
nucleus
ribosome
_____ is the organ that the digestive and endocrine systems both have in common?
Pancreas
Define ionic bond and covalent bonds:
Ionic bond: metal + nonmetal => formation of ions (salt)
Covalent bond: >2 nonmetals share electrons, strongest bond
- Polar: nonmetals with different electronegativities share electrons unequally
- Non-polar: two nonmetals in molecule with similar or identical electronegativities pull
True or False: Secondary active transport involves the movement of a substance into a cell through a protein channel with its concentration gradient.
False
True or False: Metabolic processes either build up or break down substances
True
Define positive feedback loops and negative feedback loops. Give one example of each.
Negative: Oppose initial change in regulated variable
Ex: Temperature, Blood glucose, Blood pressure
Positive: effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus
Ex: Blood clotting(platelets -> release more platelets), Childbirth (oxytocin hormone)
What similarities exist between fatty acids that are saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated?
Similarities: composed of carbon and hydrogen, carboxyl group + hydrocarbon chain, lipid monomers
Differences:
Saturated: single bond between carbon atoms, solid at room temperature
Monounsaturated: one double bond between carbon atoms, liquid at room temp
Polyunsaturated: >2 double bonds between carbon atoms, liquid at room temp
Which phase of cell cycle have sister chromatids pulled toward opposite poles, 46 chromosomes/new daughter cell
Anaphase
Which of the following are found in plants, animals, and bacterial cells?
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
chloroplasts
ribosomes
ribosomes
mitochondria: not in bacterial cells
endoplasmic reticulum: not in bacterial cells.
chloroplasts: only in plants
Which are the three main serous membranes and what serous body cavities are formed?
Pleural:Pleural Cavities (place enclosed by pleural membranes), surrounds lungs [Outer parietal pleura, inner visceral pleura]
Pericardial: Pericardium cavity (Space enclosed by pericardial membranes), surrounds heart [Outer parietal pericardium, inner visceral parietal pericardium]
Peritoneal: Peritoneal cavity, surround some abdominal organs [Outer parietal peritoneum, inner visceral peritoneum]
What is the simplest and most complex sugar?
Simplest: Glucose (monosaccharide)
Most complex: Glycogen (polysaccharides)
Which is NOT included in the three general stages of transcription?
Initiation
Elongation
Mutations
Termination
• not Mutations
Initiation: Transcription factors bind to promoter near the gene, RNA polymerase binds to promoter as well to unwind DNA
Elongation: RNA polymerase build a complementary mRNA transcript with free nucleotides
Termination: Transcription ends when the end of the gene is reached, and the mRNA transcript is released.
Which of these is an organic molecule?
a. H2O
b. CO2
c. HCl
d. CH4
CH4 (methane)