Nonvascular Plants
State the main characteristics shared by all plants.
Chlorophyll a, chloroplasts, and ability to do photosynthesis.
State the main characteristics of vascular plants.
Vascular tissues, true roots, and sporophyte as the dominant generation.
State the synapomorphies of seed plants.
Seeds, pollen, and heterospory.
State the synapomorphies of fungi.
Absorptive heterotrophy and chitin in cell walls.
List the four roles of fungi.
Saprobic, predatory, parasitic, and mutualistic.
Define "algae."
Photosynthetic, aquatic, eukaryotic taxa (all plants that are not land plants, as well as some protists).
Define "megaphylls."
Megaphylls = true leaves.
Vascular tissue extends and branches into them, unlike with microphylls.
In angiosperms, a tissue inside a seed that feeds the embryo sporophyte -- result from double fertilisation, so is 3n.
Parasitism -- benefits one organism and harms the other.
Commensalism -- benefits one organism and neither helps nor harms the other.
Mutualism -- benefits both organisms.
Define "yeasts."
Yeasts are unicellular fungi that primarily reproduce asexually and live in liquid or moist environments. The term "yeast" refers to the lifestyle rather than a taxonomic group.
Challenges: Drying out and dispersing gametes/offsprings.
Adaptations: Protected embryo, cuticle (prevents plant from drying out), gametangia (prevents gametes from drying out), thick-walled spores (prevents spores from drying out), and mycorrhizae (facilitates water and mineral absorption).
State the two types of vascular tissues and describe the function of each.
Xylem transports water and minerals upwards from the roots.
Phloem transports sugars downwards from the leaves.
List the types of gymnosperms.
Members of a pioneer species are the first colonists in a lifeless area (like bare rock), and help other species to colonise it later (like by providing nutrients to the soil so that plants can grow).
Define "hyphae" and state the two types of hyphae (their names or the characteristics that make them different from each other -- bonus if you can get both).
Hyphae are filaments making up the mycelium (body of the fungus). They work absorbing nutrients and water.
Types:Septate hyphae (divided into segments called septa).
Coenocytic hyphae (undivided).
Put the following in chronological order (order in which they evolved) and state what type of plant they were first seen in:
Chlorophyll b
Stomata
Protected embryo
Chlorophyll a
Persistently green sporophyte
Chlorophyll a - glaucophytes
Chlorophyll b - green algae
Protected embryo - all land plants (i.e. liverworts)
Stomata - mosses
Persistently green sporophyte - hornworts
List the clades of vascular plants and state which are seed plants.
Lycophytes
Monilophytes
Gymnosperms - seed plant
Angiosperms - seed plant
Define the following terms:
Perfect
Imperfect
Monoecious
Dioecious
Perfect -- same flower has both male and female reproductive structures.
Imperfect -- one flower has either male or female reproductive structures (not both).
Monoecious -- A species where the same plant can have both male and female reproductive structures.
Dioecious -- A species where any given plant is either male or female.
Describe the two types of mycorrhizae.
Ectomycorrhizae -- hyphae penetrate the root of a plant but not individual plant cells.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae -- hyphae penetrate plant cells directly to exchange nutrients.
Bonus: What is the name of the parasitic structure that works similarly to arbuscular mycorrhizae?
Describe asexual reproduction in fungi. Start with the mycelium and list what happens until you get back to mycelium.
Mycelium -> Spores (mitosis)
Spores -> Mycelium (mitosis)
Describe all steps of the alternation of generations. Start with the sporophyte and list what happens all the way around until you get back to the sporophyte.
Sporophyte -> Spores (meiosis)
Spores -> Gametophyte (mitosis)
Gametophyte -> Gametes (mitosis)
Gametes -> Zygote (fertilisation)
Zygote -> Sporophyte (mitosis)
Describe what is unique about the fern life cycle.
While the sporophyte is dominant (like with all vascular plants), in ferns the gametophyte also lives independently. Ferns are also the only plant type that has sori, which are clusters of sporangia on the leaves.
What are the four types of fruit and how does each develop?
Simple -- develops from a single ovary.
Aggregate -- develops from several ovaries in one flower.
Multiple -- develops from several ovaries from a cluster of flowers.
Accessory -- develops from an ovary + other flower parts.
Describe sexual reproduction in fungi. Start with the mycelium and list what happens all the way around until you get back to the mycelium. Make sure to describe what is happening during plasmogamy, karyogamy, and the dikaryotic structure.
Mycelium1 + Mycelium2 -> Dikaryotic structure (plasmogamy then mitosis)
In plasmogamy, the mycelia of two different mating types fuse together to create the n+n dikaryotic structure.
Dikaryotic structure -> Zygote (karyogamy)
In karyogamy, the nuclei of the two mating types fuse to create the 2n zygote.
Zygote -> Spores (meiosis)
Spores -> Mycelium (mitosis)
Define the following terms in sac fungi and state their club fungi counterparts:
Ascospores
Ascomata
Asci
Ascospores -- spores produced by meiosis. Counterpart: Basidiospores.
Ascomata -- fruiting bodies.
Counterpart: Basidiomata.
Asci -- sacs in ascomata where karyogamy occurs and ascospores are produced.
Counterpart: Basidia.