Chapter 9
What do protein kinases do?
Phosphorylate things
DNA replication is _____.
semi-conservative
What are the three types of post-transcriptional modification.
Adding a 5' cap, adding a poly-A tail, splicing.
Which type of mRNA is translated?
mRNA only!
Which type of mutation ends translation early, resulting in a protein that is too small?
nonsense mutation
Name a common secondary messenger.
cAMP
What is Chargoff's rule?
In DNA, A pairs with T and C pairs with G
Which enzyme is responsible for the elongation step of transcription?
RNA polymerase
If a protein is going to be imbedded in the membrane or secreted, it will be translated at the ______.
Rough ER
What is the difference between an oncogene and a proto-oncogene?
Proto-oncogenes are normally functioning genes, oncogenes are mutated proton-oncogenes that cause cancer.
What type of cell signaling uses the bloodstream?
Endocrine signaling
DNA and mRNA are synthesized in the _____ direction.
5' ---> 3'
5' --> 3'
Where does translation start?
At the AUG start codon
Why is meiosis II more similar to mitosis than meiosis I?
Because meiosis II and mitosis involve the separation of sister chromatids while meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes.
What is the difference between a G-protein and a G-protein coupled receptor?
The G-protein coupled receptor is a transmembrane protein that acts as a ligand receptor. It is coupled with and activates a G-protein that is located in the cytosol.
There are ____ hydrogen bonds between A and T and ____ hydrogen bonds between C and G.
2, 3
The strand of DNA that is used by RNA polymerase to create the mRNA strand is called the _____ strand. Its antiparallel DNA strand is called the _____ strand.
template strand, coding strand
What is the type of bond formed between amino acids at the ribosomal P site?
Peptide bonds
What is the difference between the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment?
The law of segregation states that the 2 alleles of the same gene separate independently during meiosis. The law of independent assortment states that alleles of separate genes separate independently of each other during meiosis.
What type of cell signaling affects the same cell that originally released the signaling molecule?
Autocrine signaling
What type of bond is found in the sugar-phosphate backbone? What about between nitrogenous base pairs?
Phosphodietser, hydrogen
Describe how transcription is initiated.
Describe the three important ribosomal active sites.
A site = arrival of a charged (amino acid containing) tRNA.
P site = peptide site, a peptide bond is formed here between the incoming amino acid and growing peptide chain.
E site = exit site, uncharged mRNA leaves here.
A species of flower can have a ling stem (L) or a short stem (l). It can also Have red (R), pink (RW), or white (W) petals with pink being a heterozygous individual. A pink flower with a short stem is crossed with a red flower with a homozygous dominant long stem. What are the chances that its offspring will have pink flowers and a long stem?
1/2 change offspring will have pink flowers. 100% chance of long stem. 1/2 x 1 = 1/2