Endocrine System
What is the difference between a primary endocrine organ and a secondary? Give an example of both
Primary- its primary role is to act as an endocrine organ. Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, etc
Secondary- Has a different primary function, but can act as an endocrine gland and release signaling molecules into circulation. Heart, muscle, adipose tissue
How does creatine make ATP? I want specifics.
Creatine phosphate donates a phosphate group to ADP thus making ATP
What are the two components of ventilation?
Tidal volume and breathing frequency
What type of vasculature allows the diffusion of gases to our tissues?
Capillaries
Do the heart hand thing showing contractions
I can't really type anything for that lol
What are the differences between the 3 types of diabetes and what are the 3 types?
Type 1- insulin deficient
Type 2- insulin resistant
Gestational- occurs during pregnancy, more like Type 2
What are the end products of glycolysis?
Pyruvate, NADH, ATP!
What happens to allow us to breath in?
The diaphragm contracts and moves down, this decreases pressure in the lungs compared to outside the body, air moves in
What are the two different circuits of our circulatory system and what are their specific paths?
Pulmonary- right ventricle to lungs to left atrium
Systemic- left ventricle to tissues to right atrium
If you consume salt, it is typically iodized. Our of our systems discussed on this exam, which is iodine most important for?
Endocrine! Use it to make T4 in our thyroid.
What are the 3 main hormones of the endocrine system?
T3, T4, and calcitonin
The breakdown of fats makes 3 molecules. What are they?
Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH
Also will accept Acetyl CoA and electron carriers
What happens if we hold our breath and what drives the feeling of needing to take a breath?
We build up a ton of CO2 in the blood and its the CO2 increasing that tells the brain to breath!
What is the name of the hearts circulatory system, meaning what do we call the vasculature that gives the heart nutrients?
The coronary arteries
How many nieces and nephews do I have?
4
Joshy, Eva June, Henry, and Lucy
We played with rats during our endocrine lab. If a rat is consuming more oxygen, what is happening to metabolism and what is the thyroid gland doing?
More oxygen consumed means a higher metabolism and that the thyroid is releasing more T3 and T4
Tell me if the metabolism of these molecules is anaerobic or aerobic
Glycolysis
Glucose metabolism in mitochondria
Creatine
Lipids
Proteins
glycolysis- anaerobic
Glucose in mito- aerobic
Creatine- anaerobic
Lipids- aerobic
Proteins- aerobic
What two activities could we do to induce hypercapnia in the blood?
Running (exercise) and also just holding your breath
Walking me through the process of electricity moving through the heart and how that leads to contraction and blood movement in the heart
SA sends electricity to both atria and the AV node. AV node pauses then sends electricity to bundle of His where it splits into the right and left bundle branches. Electricity goes to both ventricles and reaches the Purkinje fibers which cause the heart muscles to contract.
Atria contract push blood down, ventricles contract push blood up and out
What molecule is typically looked for in the blood to assess a possible heart attack? It is a molecule we have talked about
Creatine!
Fun fact, that is kind of the old molecule they looked at. Now they really focus on troponin which we will talk about next unit so keep that in your mind
Explain how both insulin and glucagon control blood glucose. Where are they produced? What other activity did we say can influence blood glucose and what does it do?
Insulin- decreases blood glucose by sending it into cells; made in pancreas beta cells
Glucagon- increases blood glucose by releasing glucose from the liver; made in pancreas alpha cells
Exercise! decreases blood glucose by sending it into the cells but doesn't require insulin
What molecule can every single macronutrient be converted into for metabolism? What to we call that?
Acetyl CoA, the universal intermediate of metabolism
What are the percentages of gasses in inspired and expired air? Why are they different?
Inspired
O2- 21%
N2- 79%
CO2- 0.04%
Expired
O2-16-18%
N2-79%
CO2- 4%
Different because we used oxygen so breathe out less and we get rid of CO2 in the body so it is more in expired
What are the 3 main parts of an EKG and what happens at each?
P wave- atria contract
QRS complex- atria repolarization and ventricular contraction
T wave- ventricular repolarization
What's my father's name?
Vern lol