Cellular Communication
Mast cells secrete interleukin to other nearby white blood cells that will also secrete interleukin to stimulate cell replication of white blood cells
A. Paracrine
B. Synapse
C. Autocrine
D. Hormones
A. Paracrine
The okazaki fragments need to be filled, which enzyme will fill that gap?
A. Helicase
B. Primase
C. Ligase
D. DNA Polymerase
C. Ligase
Duplicated chromosomes that stay together & are identical to each other are called what?
A. Sister chromatids
B. Homologous chromosomes
C. Centromeres
D. Daughter chromosomes
A. Sister chromatids
A frog has 13 chromosomes. When the egg is fertilized, it has 26 chromosomes. It can also expressed as:
A. 1n
B. n
C. 3n
D. 2n
D. 2n
Cytokinesis, a phase in mitosis, is important because it splits the cell into two
A. Yes
B. Nah
B. Nah (cytokinesis is not part of mitosis)
What is an example of long distance endocrine signaling?
A. Neurotransmitters being secreted across a synapse to stimulate a muscle cell
B. Sweating
C. Pancreas releasing insulin into the blood
D. A cell secreting growth hormone to itself
C. Pancreas releasing insulin into the blood
DNA polymerase is making a strand that is going 5' to 3' away from the replication fork. Which strand is that?
A. Leading strand
B. Lagging strand
C. Okazaki strand
D. Replication bubble
B. Lagging strand
A bacterial sample was collected & the next day there were colonies. The colonies were formed because the bacteria divided using this process:
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis
C. Binary Fission
D. Horizontal Gene transfer
C. Binary Fission
What type of cells are produced in Meiosis?
A. Somatic
B. Gametes
C. Germ cells
D. Identical cells
B. Gametes
What did the Hersey-Chase & the transfer of one pathogenic bacteria & one harmless prove?
A. Proteins are one of the many components for life
B. DNA is useless
C. DNA is the genetic material that gets passed on
D. None of these
C. DNA is the genetic material that gets passed on
After the cell receives a signal cAMP & Ca++ & are being used. They are known as ___________ & are they water soluble?
A. First messengers & water soluble
B. Second messengers & water soluble
C. First messengers & not water soluble
D. Second messengers & not water soluble
B. Second messengers & water soluble
Put the following enzymes in order when it comes to the process of DNA replication of the lagging strand.
-DNA Polymerase
-Helicase
-Ligase
-Primase
1. Helicase
2. Primase
3. DNA Polymerase
4. Ligase
By which phase will the cell have twice the amount of DNA?
A. G0
B. G1
C. S phase
D. G2
D. G2 (S phase is replicating DNA, but G2 will for sure have twice the amount of DNA)
In which phase are the homologous chromosomes separated from each other?
A. Anaphase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase II
D. Metaphase II
A. Anaphase I
Which one produces two nonidentical cells?
A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis I
C. Meiosis II
D. Telophase II
B. Meiosis I
What is the right order of the steps in a signal transduction pathway?
Reception, Transduction, Response
Briefly describe mismatch repair & DNA proofreading
DNA proofreading - Occurs when DNA polymerase corrects the misplaced nucleotide before replication is completed.
Mismatch repair - Occurs after DNA is replicated but nuclease cuts several nucleotides & a DNA polymerase corrects the sequence.
1. In which of the phases do we not see a nuclear membrane at all?
2. In which of the phases do we see DNA in chromatin form?
3. In which phase do we see daughter chromosomes?
1. Metaphase & Anaphase
2. Prophase & Telophase
3. Anaphase
At the end of meiosis II we have:
How many cells?
Identical or nonidentical?
Diploid or haploid?
Four nonidentical cells that are haploid
Name & briefly explain the 4 steps of meiosis II
1. Prophase II - Starts with haploid cells
2. Metaphase II - Sister chromatids line up at equatorial plate
3. Anaphase II - Sister chromatids are separated
4. Telophase II - 4 non identical cells that are haploid are formed
Explain the three types of local signaling
Paracrine - A cell releases a signal to other neighboring cells
Synapse - A neuron releases a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell
Autocrine - A cell secretes a signal to itself
Explain the function of each enzyme
Helicase
Primase
Ligase
DNA Polymerase
Single Stranded Binding Proteins
Helicase - Unwinds the double helix
Primase - Makes a short strand of RNA primer
Ligase - Seals the gaps
DNA Polymerase - Adds the nucleotides to make a new DNA strand
Single Stranded Binding Proteins - Prevents the DNA from reforming the double helix
Name & briefly explain the 4 steps of mitosis
1. Prophase - Nuclear membrane & nucleolus starts to break down, chromatin begins to condense, & centrosomes begin moving to opposite poles
2. Metaphase - Sister chromatids are now aligned at the equatorial plate & line up parallel
3. Anaphase - Sister chromatids are separated from each other & become daughter chromosomes
4. Telophase - Nuclear envelope & nucleolus start to come back. Chromosomes start to decondense to chromatin. Dont need spindle anymore
Name & briefly explain the 4 steps of meiosis I
1. Prophase I - Nuclear membrane breaks down. DNA condenses to chromosomes. Synapsis occurs then Crossing over occurs
2. Metaphase I -Homologous chromosomes line up in series at equatorial plate
3. Anaphase I -Homologous chromosomes are separated
4. Telophase I - 2 non identical cells that are haploid are formed
Define:
Chromosome
Chromatin
Sister chromatids
Centromere
Centrosome
Daughter chromosomes
Chromosome - DNA that is condensed
Chromatin - DNA that is uncondensed wrapped around histones
Sister chromatids - Chromosomes that are together & are identical
Centromere - Region in the chromosome where the sister chromatids are attached
Centrosome - Organize the spindle
Daughter chromosomes - Sister chromatids that were separated during anaphase