Cellular Respiration
Which step generates the majority of ATP?
Chemiosmosis mechanism
What goes in to Photosynthesis?
CO2, H2O, Light (photons)
4 structures found in all cells
genetic material, cytoskeletal elements, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane
If I have a negative delta g, spontaneous and energy releasing reaction what would it be?
Exergonic
What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons
Reduction is the gain of electrons
What is the result of the pyruvate processing step?
Acetyl-CoA and 2 NADH
What come out of Photosynthesis?
ATP, Oxygen, Sugar (*usually* glucose)
What is the modern cell theory?
What is the modern cell theory? All organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the smallest living things, cells arise only from pre-existing cells
What is the activation energy?
Extra energy required to destabilize existing bonds (stabilize transition state) and initiate a chemical reaction
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?
This is from each 3-carbon pyruvate molecule
Where do the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis occur?
The inner mitochondrial membrane
What are the two reaction that photosynthesis does?
The *photo* portion (light dependent reactions)
Light energy converted to chemical energy
H2OO2
The *synthesis* portion (light independent)
The Calvin cycle
CO2carbohydrates
Give me 3 similarities and 2 differences between proks and euks
similarities: all 4 of the things all cells have
differences: dna shape and organelles
How can you lower the activation energy and what would happen to the reaction when you do?
add an enzyme or another form of catalysts and they would make the reaction go faster
What high energy molecule is the final product of photosynthesis?
glucose
At which step is all remaining carbon lost as carbon dioxide?
Krebs Cycle
Where does photosynthesis take place and what are the parts of this organelle?
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts
Thylakoids
flattened internal membranes of chloroplasts
Grana
stacks of thylakoids
Stroma
space between the thylakoids and the inner membrane
What is one function of each type of cytoskeleton?
Actin (cell division, cell motility and muscle contraction) Intermediate Filament (cell shape, anchor, forms nuclear lamina) Microtubules (Organelle movements and chromosome movements in cell division)
What is phosphorylation?
Addition of a phosphate group that provides energy for cells to do work- including making non-spontaneous reactions occur
What process/system can be used to synthesize ATP during photosynthesis?
Photosystem 2 and ETC
What is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
What is the difference between the photosystems?
Photosystem II (PS II)
functions first!!!!!!!!!
wavelength of 680 nm
Photosystem I (PS I)
Wavelength of 700 nm
Primary electron acceptor
removes an excited electron from the reaction center chlorophyll a.
Starts light reactions.
What are the steps for a secreted protein?
1. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using DNA as a template
2. mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
3. Protein synthesis begins using the mRNA at the Ribosome
4. the growing proteins enters the RER
5. folding and other processes occur in the RER
6. the processes protein moves form the er to the Golgi
7. the protein product moves through the Golgi, being precessed, sorted by destination, "barcoded" and loaded into a transport vesicle
8. transport vesicle buds from the Golgi
9. vesicles are walked to their destination by mother proteins (kinesin) to move along microtubule "roadways"
10. vesicles arrive at their destination where proteins on the outside of the vesicle bind to protein receptors on the destination membrane surface.
11. the vesicle fuses with the membrane and the cargo is emptied either to the outside of the cell is being secreted or into the insde of another organelle if being stored or used there.
I will bring up a picture of a reaction and you have to label the parts and give me numerical values where it is asked. Also tell me if its spontaneous, requires energy and what type of reaction it is.
A:
B:
C:
D label and numerical value:
E label and numerical value:
A: reactants
B: transition state
C: products
D: activation energy 20
E: change in free energy 30
Label the parts of the cell. I will bring up a picture of a cell with letters on the label. Tell me what the structure is. Is this cell prok or euks and what king of cell is it?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
euk; animal
a. nucleus
b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi
d. actin filaments
e. rough endoplasmic reticulum
f. mitochondria
g. intermediate filaments
h. microtubules