DNA Replication
What are all the parts of the replication fork?
DNA Pol I, II, III, helicase, SSBs, ligase, primase, gyrase
What goes in to Photosynthesis?
CO2, H2O, Light (photons)
What phase of cell division takes the longest time?
G1
What is the role of phosphorylation?
the addition of phosphate group and is common way to change the activity of a protein
What process/system can be used to synthesize ATP during photosynthesis?
Photosystem 2 and ETC
What is specific DNA Repair? Non-specific?
Specific targets a single kind of damage and only repairs that type. Non-specific targets multiple types of damage using a single mechsnism.
What come out of Photosynthesis?
ATP, Oxygen, Sugar (*usually* glucose)
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What is protein kinase and phosphatase
Protein kinase- an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein
Phosphatase- an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein
What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5-Carbon sugar
What are the leading and lagging strands?
Leading: synthesized continuously. Lagging: synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.
What are the two reaction that photosynthesis does?
The *photo* portion (light dependent reactions)
Light energy converted to chemical energy
H2OO2
The *synthesis* portion (light independent)
The Calvin cycle
CO2carbohydrates
What happens during anaphase?
centromeres break down, Chromosomes move to opposite poles, poles move apart
What are the three major groups of membrane receptors?
Chemically gated ion channel- channel -linked receptors that open to let a specific ion pass in respone to a ligand
Enzymatic receptors- receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand
G protein-coupled receptor- a G protein assists in transmitting the signal from receptor to enzyme
What high energy molecule is the final product of photosynthesis?
glucose
What is telomerase and what does it do?
an enzyme that helps maintain telomeres (protective caps as the end of chromosomes) from shortening
Where does photosynthesis take place and what are the parts of this organelle?
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts
Thylakoids
flattened internal membranes of chloroplasts
Grana
stacks of thylakoids
Stroma
space between the thylakoids and the inner membrane
What happens during prophase?
chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules organize into mitotic spindle
List what is requires for cell communication and define each component:
Ligand- signaling model
Receptor protein- molecule to which the receptor binds
Signal transduction- process that converts the info in the signal into a cellular response
What is a Helicase?
Helicases – use energy from A T P to unwind DNA
What is different in Eukaryotic DNA Replication?
Linear molecules & multiple chromosomes, more initiation factors, more origins of replication (ORIs), telomerase, Different polymerases
What is the difference between the photosystems?
Photosystem II (PS II)
functions first!!!!!!!!!
wavelength of 680 nm
Photosystem I (PS I)
Wavelength of 700 nm
Primary electron acceptor
removes an excited electron from the reaction center chlorophyll a.
Starts light reactions.
What happens during telophase
Chromosomes decondense, Nuclear envelope reforms, mitotic spindle goes back to being microtubules.
What are the four basic mechanisms for cellular communication?
direct contact
paracrine signaling
endocrine signaling synaptic signaling
What is the Eukaryotic cell cycle
Interphase
M phase