Enzymes
What is the molecule an enzyme is acting upon called?
substrate
What kind of reaction releases energy?
Exergonic Reaction
What are the 6 transmembrane proteins?
Transporters, enzymes, cell-surface receptor, cell-surface identity marker, cell to cell adhesion, attachment to cytoskeleton
4 structures found in all cells
heredity material, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane
What is happening to a molecule that is oxidized?
The molecule is losing an electron
What do pH, Salinity, and Temperature all have in common?
Differences in them can denature a protein
Which reaction builds up a molecule? (anabolic or catabolic)
Anabolic
Describe the motion of molecules, requirement of energy and proteins, and examples of passive transport.
Molecules move down the concentration gradient, energy and proteins are not required, examples include simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis.
Which structure contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
What structures do plant cells have that animals don't?
cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole
What is a molecule that blocks a molecule from attaching to an enzyme called?
An inhibitor
Which kind of reaction is spontaneous?
Exergonic
Will a cell implode or explode in a hypotonic solution?
explode
Which organelles contain their own DNA and ribosomes?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Where does all of the energy on earth come from?
the sun
What is the part of the enzyme that accepts the substrate called?
active site
What property makes ATP so energetic?
Negatively charged phosphate groups
What are the two types of bulk transport and what do each of them do?
Exocytosis is materials leaving the cell and endocytosis is materials entering the cell.
What are the functions of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER helps with protein synthesis, Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism, calcium storage, and detoxification
List 2 differences between prok. and euk.
Simplest organisms
Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
DNA is present in the nucleoid region
Typically have a single circular chromosome
Cell wall outside of plasma membrane
Strength and shape of cell determined by cell wall
Do contain ribosomes (but not membrane-bound organelles)
Two domains of prokaryotes
Archaea
Bacteria
Possess a membrane-bound nucleus
More complex than prokaryotic cells
Compartmentalization!
Achieved through use of membrane-bound organelles and endomembrane system
Possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure
All multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotes, and some unicellular organisms are eukaryotes
What do enzymes lower to speed up the rate of a reaction?
Activation energy
If the reaction has a low level of energy at the reactant stage and a high level of energy at the product stage, what kind of reaction is this?
endergonic reaction
Describe the motion of molecules, requirement of energy and proteins, and examples of active transport.
molecule moves against a concentration gradient, energy and proteins are required, and an example is the sodium-potassium pump.
What is one function of each type of cytoskeleton?
Actin (cell division, cell motility and muscle contraction) Intermediate Filament (cell shape, anchor, forms nuclear lamina) Microtubules (Organelle movements and chromosome movements in cell division)
What is the theory of endosymbiosis?
The mitochondria developed when one cell ate the other and failed to digest it.