Animal Form, Function & Nutrition
In what order does the “hierarchy of structure” go?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Diffusion is the net movement from and area of _____ to an area of ____ concentration.
High, low
Viscous physical barrier
Respiratory tract: Microorganisms can be expelled through outward flow of mucus driven by cilia
What is the functional unit of the kidney called?
Nephron
T or F: Negative feedback does not require lots of energy because it is an automatic process in your body.
False, requires tons of energy and when this is thrown off balance it can set off a bunch of different complications.
Maintaining balance within the body between the external environment and internal controls is called?
Homeostasis
What circulatory fluid is in an open circulatory system? Closed system?
hemolymph, interstitial fluid & blood
What are the 3 physical barriers to infection?
Skin (mulitple layers), lungs (ciliated epithelium), and intestine (production of antimicrobial proteins)
What is the function of a nephron?
The main function of a nephron is to filter blood, remove waste products, and regulate the balance of water, salts, and other substances in the body. It plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis, including the regulation of blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte concentrations.
Gas exchange through skin of amphibians during pulmonary circulation is called? (Think of your prefixes and suffixes).
Pulmocutaneous circulation
Chronically lacking in calories which leads to your proteins and muscles being broken down and glycogen and fat stores being used up is which of the following? Overnourished, malnourished, or undernourished?
Undernourished
Since we are more complex organisms our circulatory system has some differences. When blood moves through the lungs and back to the heart, this is called _________ circulation.
pulmonary circulation
What are the 2 antimicrobial enzymes that are chemical barriers?
Lysozyme and Phospholipase A2
Define hyperosomotic, isoosmotic and hypoosmotic.
In hypoosmotic environment --> Get rid of excess water
In hyperosmotic environment --> Take in water to offset osmotic loss
Leptin is a hormone that signals hunger in the body, if this were imbalanced what would happen and what type of feedback loop is this?
Leptin dysregulation leads to obesity, negative feedback loop
What are the 2 types of extracellular digestion?
Gastrovascular cavity and a complete digestive tract
What does blood plasma contain? Give me at least 3 things.
Water, proteins, salts, lipids and glucose
What are the main characteristics/functions of B and T cells?
T cells
Directly kill infected cells, mature in the thymus, they help form memory cells, next time you get infected, your body recognizes it
B cells
Make antibodies to fight pathogens, mature in the bone marrow, secrete antibodies
Name a type of nitrogenous waste, the animal that produces it, and what environment they belong in.
Fish (e.g., Goldfish)
-Nitrogenous Waste Type: Ammonia
-Reasoning: Fish excrete ammonia because it is highly toxic, but it is diluted in large amounts of water. Excreting ammonia is energy-efficient for aquatic animals since water facilitates its removal.
Birds (e.g., Pigeons)
Nitrogenous Waste Type: Uric Acid
Reasoning: Birds excrete uric acid as a way to conserve water in arid environments. Uric acid is less toxic and can be excreted as a paste or solid, reducing water loss compared to ammonia or urea.
Mammals (e.g., Dogs)
•Nitrogenous Waste Type: Urea
•Reasoning: Like humans, mammals excrete urea because it is less toxic than ammonia and more water-efficient than uric acid. Urea is excreted in urine, which allows for controlled water loss in terrestrial environments.
Insects (e.g., Grasshoppers)
•Nitrogenous Waste Type: Uric Acid
•Reasoning: Insects excrete uric acid because they need to conserve water in terrestrial environments. Uric acid is excreted in a minimal amount of water, allowing them to survive in dry habitats.
I help stimulate secretion of gastric juices via the circulatory system and allow the stomach to process food, what hormone am I?
Gastrin
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
They both contain a vacuole that gets rid of waste however, phagocytosis engulfs particles or food, and pinocytosis engulfs extracellular fluids containing proteins or other solutes
Outline how CO₂ is transported out of the body, describe the process in full.
Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.Give me at least 3 points.
Difference 1: Innate immunity is non-specific and responds quickly, while adaptive immunity is highly specific and takes longer to develop.
Difference 2: Adaptive immunity has memory, meaning it responds more effectively upon subsequent exposure, while innate immunity does not.
Similarity: Both systems work together to protect the body from infections and rely on immune cells for pathogen recognition and elimination.
Why do marine fish excrete concentrated urine while freshwater fish have dilute urine?
Marine fish excrete concentrated urine to conserve water and prevent dehydration.
They live in a hypertonic environment (saltwater), where water tends to flow out of their bodies. Concentrating urine helps them retain as much water as possible.
Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment (low salt concentration), where water constantly enters their bodies.
To expel the excess water and maintain osmotic balance, they excrete dilute urine.
What roles does blood play in your body? (Think function, how does it help keep your body at homeostasis)