Nervous Tissue
Explain how the brain and the spinal cord differ in white matter and gray matter location
In the BRAIN, WHITE matter is INSIDE and GRAY matter is OUTSIDE. In the SPINAL CORD, WHITE matter is OUTSIDE and GRAY matter is INSIDE
What part of the CNS is responsible for coordination of skeletal muscle, posture, and balance?
Cerebellum
Which is limited and which is unlimited: short-term memory and long-term memory
Short-term memory is LIMITED, and long-term memory is UNLIMITED
All preganglionic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine (ACH)
True or false: Lactic acid build-up does NOT cause muscle soreness
True; Microtears in muscle fiber is what causes muscle soreness
Which is faster saltatory or continuous propagation? Why?
Saltatory is faster because it is myelinated
Where is CSF made?
Choroid plexus
When breathing ceases during sleep apnea, what chemical accumulates, causing CNS to kick in and body to breathe and wake up
CO2
Which special sense pathway does NOT involve the thalamus?
Olfaction/smell
If I am training for a marathon, which muscle fiber would I be training the most?
Slow twitch oxidative fibers
Describe myelination in CNS vs PNS
CNS is myelinated by oligodendrocytes, but PNS is myelinated schwann cells
Explain why the thalamus is known as the relay center
It sends/relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
What nerve innervates the diaphragm? What could happen if that nerve is damaged?
Damage to phrenic nerve could stop inhalation, which will stop breathing
Which eye structure regulates the amount of light that enters the eye, and how?
The iris dilates and constricts the pupil to control how much light enters
Biceps brachii is which type of muscle fascicle arrangement?
Parallel muscles
Describe ion concentrations inside and outside the cell during resting potential
More Na+ and Cl- OUTSIDE of cell (extracellular/interstitial fluid), more K+ INSIDE of cell (intracellular/cytosol)
What part of the brain stem is known as the cardiorespiratory center? Why?
Medulla oblongata is responsible for heart rate and respiratory rate in addition to swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping
What chemicals do central chemoreceptors respond to vs peripheral chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors only respond to CO2, but peripheral chemoreceptors respond to H+, CO2, and O2
Describe the effects on heart rate by the sympathetic nervous system vs the parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system INCREASES heart rate, but parasympathetic nervous system DECREASES heart rate (when not digesting food)
Flexion of elbow would be isometric or isotonic contraction? Is it eccentric of concentric?
Flexion of elbow would be a concentric isotonic contraction
Does the inside of the cell get more negatively or positively charged during depolarization? What about repolarization and hyperpolarization?
Inside of cell get more POSITIVELY charged during depolarization and more NEGATIVELY charged during repolarization and hyperpolarization
Blood flows to the brain via two arteries. What are they? Blood flows back to the heart via what vein?
Blood flows to the brain via the vertebral and carotid arteries. Blood flows back to the heart via the jugular veins
What are your 5 major nerves in the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous, median, axillary, radial, ulnar
Which of the following part of the ear is responsible for sound and which is responsible for balance and equilibrium: cochlea and semicircular canal
Cochlea is responsible for sound and semicircular canal is responsible for balance and equilibrium
True or False: Golgi tendon organs ultimately causes muscle contraction. If false, what would Golgi tendon organs cause and what would cause muscle contraction instead?
False; Golgi tendon organs ultimately causes muscle relaxation, and muscle spindles cause muscle contractions