cellular respiration I
monosaccharide definition & example
what is "one-sugar" monomers ex. glucose
In cellular respiration chemical energy in ___________ is used to make chemical energy in __________.
What is in cellular respiration chemical energy in __glucose__ is used to make chemical energy in __ATP__.
Glucose metabolism if O2 is absent
What is fermentation
polymer made of monomers known as nucleotides
what is nucleic acid
Read the DNA sequence/nitrogen bases from
what is 5'-3'
What is glycosidic linkage (specifically alpha 1,4 and beta 1,4)
Cellular respiration is what type of energy reaction?
What is exergonic (ΔG = -685 kcal/mol) (-29 ATPs)
What is lactate fermentation and alcohol fermentation
three components of nucleotides
1. five carbon sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base
the 5' carbon on a DNA strand has an exposed/unlinked ________ group
What is phosphate group
- 3' carbon has an exposed/unlinked hydroxyl group
Four stages of cellular respiration in order
What is 1. glycolysis 2. pyruvate processing 3. citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) 4. Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is in the mitochondrial inner membrane
- inner membrane separated the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix
- O2 levels fall, some ATP is made, lactate accumulates, muscles ache
location of the phosphate group on a nucleotide
what is on the 5' carbon of the sugar
- nitrogen base is on the 1' carbon of the sugar
What is:
- Adenine (A) H bonds with Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G) H bonds with Cytosine (C)
Net yield of glycolysis
what is 2 pyruvate (3C), 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
Regulation of glycolysis is monitored by
What is feedback inhibition = product of a reaction stops the reaction when sufficient product has accumulated
- enzyme phosphofructokinase catalyzes step 3 of glycolysis. When high levels of ATP are produced (a product of glycolysis) they inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase through feedback inhibition
In lactate fermentation _______, instead of O2, serves as the electron acceptor
What is pyruvate
two structural groups nitrogenous bases belong to
what is purines and pyrimidines
In secondary structure of DNA nitrogenous bases are stabilized by __________ bonding
what is hydrogen bonding
Net Yield of pyruvate processing
What is 2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH
Net yield from citric acid cycle (note 1 glucose drives 2 cycles)
What is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
- each cycle oxidizes 1 acetyl CoA to produce 2 molecules CO2 (2 times) 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2
Location of fermentation in the cell
What is in the cytosol
Type of covalent bonds that link the sugar phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid
what is phosphodiester linkages
Stacked nitrogenous bases are held together by weak...
What is electrical Vanderwal's forces