Bacteria and Archaea
T/F: Prokaryotes have multiple linear strands of genetic material.
False! Eukaryotes have multiple linear strands of DNA and prokaryotes have one circular piece of genetic material.
What are the seven superkingdoms?
They are opisthokonts, archaeplastids, amoebozoans, stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians, and excavates.
What are some differences between simple and complex multicellularity?
Simple multicellular organisms are 2D, where every cell is in contact with the external environment. Complec multicellular organisms are 3D and have complex mechanisms for adhesion and communication.
Which group of organisms did land plants descend from?
Green algae
What is the alternation of generations?
Alternation of generations is the life cycle that occurs in archaeplastida. It describes the alternation between the diploid and haploid phases.
What is conjugation?
Conjugation is the transfer of plasmids through a pilus.
T/F: Humans are archaeaplastids.
False! Humans are opisthokonts.
Describe animal development using the words zygote, blastula, and gastrula.
Two haploid gametes fuse to form a zygote. This undergoes mitosis and forms a blastula, a hollow ball of cells. This undergoes gastrulation and forms a gastrula.
T/F: Guard cells swell when they are closing the stomata.
False! Guard cells shrink when they close the stomata.
T/F: Sporophytes produce spores through mitosis.
False! Sporophytes are diploid and produce haploid spores through meiosis.
What is transformation?
In transformation, DNA released into the environment by dead cells is taken up by a recipient cell.
What superkingdom is responsible for slime molds?
Amoebozoans.
What is bulk transport?
The means by which molecules move through organisms at rates beyond those possible by diffusion across a concentration gradient
What is the difference between CAM and C4 photosynthesis?
C4 involves performing the photosynthetic processes in two different types of cells (bundle sheath and mesophyll). CAM involves performing photosynthetic processes during two different times of day.
We see the sporophyte generation.
What kind of habitats do archaea live in?
Acidic, high salt concentrations, etc. Some even produce methane!
Which organism is responsible for making the agar that we use in labs and have CaCO3 in their skeletons?
Red algae
What are the cell adhesion molecules in animals? Plants?
Cadherins are responsible for cell adhesion in animals and pectin are responsible for cell adhesion in plants.
T/F: Phloem can carry water from source to sink.
False! Phloem carries sugars and other nutrients from leaves to the stem and roots.
What is double fertilization and what plant is it found in?
Double fertilization occurs in flowering plants and it is when one sperm from the pollen tube fuses with the egg and the other sperm unites with two haploid nuclei, producing a triploid cell.
What is gram-staining?
Gram staining is a technique used in microbiology to characterize and group bacteria.
What are the two hypotheses regarding the evolution of photosynthesis?
Hypothesis One: Photosynthesis was established early in eukaryotic evolution and was subsequently lost in some lineages
Hypothesis Two: Eukaryotes acquired photosynthesis multiple times by repeated episodes of endosymbiosis
What molecules are responsible for cell-to-cell communication in animals? Plants?
Gap junctions are responsible for cell-to-cell communication in animals and plasmodesmata are responsible for cell-to-cell communication in plants.
What organisms can have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of a plant?
Bacteria and fungi
What is the difference between monocot and dicot?
A monocot has one cotyledon and a dicot has two cotyledons.