Into to Biol 221 and The Cell
What's the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?
Integral proteins are integrated in the membrane and peripheral proteins are outside, attached to integral proteins
What are the layers of the epithelium?
Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum, lucidum
What tissue makes up the papillary and reticular layer of the dermis?
Areolar CT; Dense irregular CT
A bone develops directly within a fibrous connective tissue membrane rather than from a cartilage model. Which process is occurring?
Intramembranous ossification
Which process is most directly responsible for changing the internal structure of bone over time?
Bone remodeling
What makes up the phospholipid bilayer?
Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol
What are the major functions of epithelia?
Absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion, protection, and sensory reception
What is the difference between osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?
-cytes --> maintains the matrix
-clasts --> destroy the matrix
A developing femur has a bone collar forming around the shaft of its cartilage model. Which stage is occurring?
During bone remodeling, what can happen to previously existing bone?
It can be resorbed
What are the requirements for life?
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth
Where is fibrocartilage found?
epiphysis of long bone, meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
What is a bone that forms during intramembranous ossification? Endochondral ossification?
Flat bone; Long bone (femur, etc.)
A child is growing taller because cartilage is continuously being replaced by bone at the epiphyseal plate. Which type of growth is this?
Longitudinal growth
What could bone remodeling be triggered by?
Mechanical signals, calcium phosphate concentrations, matrix proteins that bind calcium, alkaline phosphate
Which feedback loop goes against the stimulus? Which goes with the stimulus?
Negative, Positive
What is the key definition of Connective tissue?
living cells in a non-living matrix
What are the layers of the epiphyseal plate?
Resting, proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, and ossification
A mutation prevents the periosteal bud from entering the cavities in the developing cartilage model. Which process would be directly disrupted?
Formation of spongy bone in the primary ossification center
Explain Wolf's law?
Bone will remodel according to physical demands placed upon it
What are tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions?
TJ --> forms seals that prevent molecules from passing between adjacent cells (impermeable)
D --> structural anchor that connects cell to cell (transmits force)
GJ --> channels allow ICF to be shared between cells
What are the fibers in Connective Tissue?
Elastic, Collagen, Reticular
What makes up the root of the hair?
Medulla, cortex, cuticle
What is the sequence that correctly orders the five epiphyseal plate zones?
Resting → proliferation → hypertrophic → calcification → ossification
What are the six types of fractures?
Comminuted, compression, spiral, epiphyseal, greenstick, and depressed