Neurotransmitters
Why can neurotransmitters be excitatory or inhibitory?
They are a sum of all neurons
What is Excitatory (EPSP)?
Makes the inside more positive (Depolarization)
What is Metabotropic?
receptors "sends" a protein to open a different molecule, which is an ion channel
inhibitory
What are amino acids?
Glycine & GABA
What happens to neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
2. Reuptaken by synaptic end bulb
What is inhibitory (IPSP)?
Makes the inside more negative (hyperpolarization)
What are Biogenic Amines (monoamines)?
Broken down by monamine oxidase (MAO)
Broke down in synaptic cleft or brought back into synaptic end bulb
Serotonin, Dopamine, norepinephrine
What is Glycine & GABA?
Inhibitory
open chlorine channels
anti anxiety drugs enhance it
What is the synaptic cleft?
Gap between synaptic end bulb and next target cell
What are all of the Neurotransmitters?
1. Acetylcholine (ACh) 2. Biogenic amines (monoamines) 3. Amino Acids 4. Polypeptides 5. Nitric Oxide (NO)
What is serotonin?
Brain areas associated with sleep and behavior
Low levels are associated with depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Prozac, Zoloft enhance serotonin (acts as a reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS))
Huntingtons disease in GABA-releasing neurons results in?
extra, unwanted muscle actions
What is a ligand-gated channel?
Ligand- A chemical that binds to a receptor
What is Acetylcholine (ACh)?
Widespread in PNS, less in CNS because of different types of receptors
Iontropic & Metabotropic
What is Dopamine?
Emotional reward, muscle tone areas of brain
low levels linked to Parkinson's disease
one common drug given to Parkinson's patients are MAO Inhibitors that slowly degrade dopamine in synaptic cleft
What is Spastic Paralysis?
Tetanus toxins block glycine exocytosis
too many EPSPs
Strychnine blocks glycine receptors
What do ligand-gated channels do?
They trigger a protein to open and let ions move through
What is Iontropic?
Excitatory
Receptors (ion channels)
What is Norepinephrine?
Widespread in PNS & CNS
Associated with sympathetic nervous system and functions in general arousal (activity)
What is flaccid paralysis?
going limp or permanently contracted