Unit 1
Which appendage is exclusive to gram negative bacteria and transfers plasma DNA?
Pili
Describe how a differential media allows one to differentiate between organisms.
Use motility media to explain your reasoning.
Differential media allows for a visual change to occur which enables an observer to differentiate between organisms based on that visual change. For example, motility media allows use to see migration of motile bacteria, allowing the observer to differentiate between motile and nonmotile species.
Name the three mosquito species, the traits for identification and the disease they help transmit as vectors.
What are 1) small, brown Culex (WNV), slow, large Anopheles (malaria), and white banded legs of Aedes (Zika, Dengue fever).
List the 3 components of the infectious process required for all microbes.
What is 1) entry into host, 2) establish and grow, and 3) access nutrients.
What is the most common etiology of meningitis?
Viruses, particularly Enterovirus.
Compare GP to GN
GP = large peptidoglycan + teichoic acid + hydrophillic
GN = LPS + small peptidoglycan + hydrophobic
List the three general types of microbial control and provide examples.
Physical - examples include autoclave (steam under pressure), UV (radiation), pasteurization
Chemical - examples include alcohols, surfactants, aldehydes, heavy metals
Mechanical - air filtration, hand washing
Like a CFU causing a bacteria colony, a PFU causes a ______, a clearing of bacteria growth from a viral infection.
What is a plaque?
Define diapedesis, and indicate which two cells are capable of diapedesis.
Diapedesis is the movement of specific WBC (Neutrophils and Eosinophils) from the capillaries into tissue to fight infections.
What respiratory infectious agent requires long-term antibiotic treatment, has developed widespread antibiotic resistance, and causes two stages (an active and latent form) of disease.
Name the vaccination used to prevent serious infections in areas of high prevalence.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine
Woese and Fox are responsible for ________?
How is it classified?
The 3 Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
rRNA
The genetic information housed in DNA is expressed by the synthesis of proteins through RNA in these two processes. Identify each process, and location of the processes, and final product.
What is...
1) Transcription, which occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes and the nucleiod region of prokaryotes, produces mRNA and
2) Translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes, produces proteins.
This group of protozoans uses a special structure to pierce the exterior of a host cell because it has no method for self-propulsion. Provide an example organism.
What is Apicomplexa?
Ex: Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium parvum, Toxoplasma gondii
Provide examples of the 3 lines of defense a human has against infection?
What are
1) First line of defense - physical barriers like skin, and chemical barriers like antimicrobial oils on skin,
2) Second line of defense - nonspecific/innate immunity like phagocytosis, inflammation, interferons and the complement system, and
3) Third line of defense - specific/acquired immunity like vaccinations, antibodies, the anamnestic response by IgG.
Which of the following diseases may NOT be caused by endospore-forming bacteria? AND, What is the gram-specificity and morphology of all endospore-forming bacteria?
Anthrax
Tetanus
Botulism
Pseudomembranous colitis
Food poisoning
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis - caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (an acid-fast GPB, not an endospore-forming GPB)
Anthrax - caused by Bacillus anthracis
Tetanus - caused by Clostridium tetani
Botulism - caused by Clostridium botulinum
Pseudomembranous colitis - usually caused by Clostridioides difficile
Food poisoning - can be caused by Bacillus cereus
Give the equation for aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 H2O + 6 CO2 (+ ATP & Heat)
Identify the population stages in the population curve at which the following occurs:
1) germination of endospores,
2) sporulation of endospores begins, and
3) complete sporulation of endospores and release from vegetative cell.
1) Lag phase
2) Stationary phase
3) Near death phase
This genus in Cestoda varies by the difference in the method(s) of attachment to the intestines. Name the genus, and the structure(s) used for attachment.
What is Taenia?
The beef tapeworm's scolex has only suckers while the pork tapeworm's scolex has hooks and suckers.
List one type of virulence factor (4 total) and provide an example.
What are 1) Toxins (endotoxins from GN cell walls, exotoxins like tetanus toxins), 2) Enzymes (hyaluronidase aka the spread factor), 3) Antiphagocytic factors (capsule), 4) Structural (fimibrie for attachment)
How do these virulence factors help the microorganism? (Hint: Think about the infectious process)
List and explain the sequelae of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Scarlet Fever - produces strawberry tongue and a full body rash
Glomerulonephritis - an immune-mediated sequelae
Rheumatic fever - an immune-mediated sequelae
Acute epiglottitis - infection-caused inflammation of epiglottitis
If I wanted to look at the organelles related to endosymbiotic theory, which microscope would I use?
TEM (sees inside cell)
(SEM shows surface, light isn’t powerful enough)
List the three organisms/infectious particles most resistant to control methods.
Think about possible reasons for why...
The three organisms/infectious particles most resistant to control methods are Mycobacteria, bacterial endospores, and prions.
This is the primary function of a viral envelope.
What is introducing viral nucleic acids into an animal host cell?
Explain what 'MAC" stands for, what it does, and what triggers its formation?
MAC stands for Membrane Attack Complex, which is a protein complex that punches a hole into the plasma membrane of pathogens, disrupting their homeostasis and lysing the cell. MAC is formed when any of the Complement system pathways are initiated.
Provide examples for each of the three broad categories of STIs.
Wart diseases include genital warts from Human papillomavirus.
Discharge diseases include Gonorrhea from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Chlamydia from Chlamydia trachomatis.
Ulcer diseases include Herpes sores from Herpes simplex viruses, and Syphilis from Treponema pallidum.