Nervous System
What hormone protein plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite/hunger and metabolism?
Leptin
Olfaction is the sense of......
Smell
What does growth hormone (GH) act on?
All body tissues -bone, muscle, adipose connective tissue, etc
What is the Major difference between arteries and veins.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, Veins carry blood back to the heart.
What is the white matter of the spinal cord made of?
Myelinated axons
Name one of the functions of the Hypothalamus?
(1) master control of the ANS
(2) Master control of the endocrine system
(3) regulation of body temperature
(4) Control of emotional behavior
(5) Control of food and water intake
(6) regulation of sleep-wake rhythms
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors and what do they detect?
(1) Rods- dim light (black and white)
(2) Cones- detects color
What type of loop occurs when a stimulus does not produce an opposite effect but rather stimulates and accelerates the process?
Positive feedback loop
Leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by molecules from damaged cells or invading pathogens. What is this attraction called?
Chemotaxis
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems function simultaneously creating background level of activity this is called....
Autonomic tone
What are the 3 major regions of the brainstem?
Mesencephalon, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
Name the 5 basic flavors the tongue can detect
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
What are the 3 major classes of hormones based on their chemical structure?
(1) Peptide hormones
(2) Steroid hormones
(3) Biogenic amines
Artery and veins have walls have three layers, what layer preforms vasoconstriction and vasodilation? Why?
Tunica media - is composed largely of smooth muscle
What is the major difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic neuron structure?
Parasympathetic: Longer preganglionic axon and shorter postganglionic axon
Sympathetic: Shorter preganglionic axon and longer postganglionic axon
A man touches a hot stove allowing pain receptors to be activated. What location of the brain is responsible for the conscious awareness of the sensation of this pain?
Primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrus)
Based on the following, how would a lung stretch receptor be classified? Stimulus origin, receptor distribution, modality of stimulus?
Stimulus origin: Interoceptors
Receptor Distribution: General visceral
Modality of stimulus: Mechanoreceptors
What 2 hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?
(1) Oxytocin
(2) Antidiuretic hormone
A patient’s blood is backing up into the right atrium each time the right ventricle contracts. Which heart structure is most likely not functioning properly? Why?
The right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve is not working correctly. It is not closing correctly allowing backflow into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts.
The motor division of the PNS is divided into two groups. What are they and how are they different?
(1) Autonomic: unconscious movement of muscle
(2) Somatic: Voluntary movement of muscle
The cerebellum helps make your movements smooth and coordinated. What are two ways it does this?
(1) Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
(2) Adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture
(3) Receives proprioceptive information to regulate the body's position
(4) monitors the position of each body joint and its muscle tone
(5) Ensures skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern
Where would you find a Maculae structure and what is this structure detecting
Vestibule- detects balance/equilibrium
The Pancreas is comprised of four different types of endocrine cells each secreting a different hormone. What do Alpha and Beta cells secret and what function does this provide?
Alpha cells: secrete glucagon which increases blood glucose
Beta cells: secretes insulin which decreases blood glucose
The left ventricle must generate more pressure during contraction than the right ventricle. Explain why this difference exists and what structural feature of the heart reflects this?
The left ventricle pumps blood through the systemic circuit, needs to produce higher pressure; therefore, its myocardial wall is three times thicker than that of the right ventricle.
What part of the spinal cord houses the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons? And what do they innervate?
(1) Anterior horns
(2) skeletal muscle