Glycolysis
What is the name of the transporter that allows glucose into muscle cells?
GLUT4
What is the transporter that carries free fatty acids into the mitochondria?
Carnitine
What are the two components of minute ventilation?
Tidal volume and breathing frequency
What structure in the heart keep the blood from moving between left and right chambers? What about from moving between the top and bottom chambers?
Septums stop left to right, valves control up and down
What is Carter's son's middle name?
H!
What is the first thing that happens when glucose enters the cell?
It gets phosphorylated by hexokinase
What 3 things are produced from breaking down a fatty acid during beta oxidation?
Acetyl Coa, NADH, and FADH
Is inspiration active or passive? What about expiration? Why are they one or the other?
Inspiration is active because of the contraction of the diaphragm
Expiration is passive because the diaphragm is just relaxing
What is so important about capillaries and what allows them to work?
They are the site for exchange of nutrients and gasses between blood and tissue. Their thin cell walls allow movement of particles.
Name one change to the structure of the heart that occurred during pregnancy
Increased left ventricle size, increase left ventricular muscle
The rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis is
Phosphofructokinase
Where does proteolysis take place in the cell?
Blood leaves the left ventricle and arrives at the tissue. What are the relative levels of CO2 in the blood and the tissue? What about the relative levels of O2 in the blood and the tissue?
CO2 is low in blood arriving at the tissue, and CO2 is high in the tissue.
O2 is high in blood arriving at the tissue, and low in the tissue
What portion of the electrical system is the pacemaker of the heart? What does being the pacemaker mean?
The SA node. Every single heart beat is generated by the SA node
What are Carter's cats' names?
Spooky (bad cat) and Snowy
How many molecules of ATP do we get from glycolysis? Is this fast or slow?
2/3
Fast
What molecule does NH3 eventually get converted into and removed from the body?
Ammonia
What is hypercapnia and what are 2 ways to induce it?
Hypercapnia is the buildup of CO2 in the blood. Breath holding and exercise lead to hypercapnia
Which 3 places does the SA node send electrical signal and what happens when it arrives at each location?
The SA node sends electricity to the left and right atria causing contraction of the atria. The electricity also reaches the AV node which pauses to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.
A hole in the interventricular septum would lead to damage to what part of the heart's conduction system?
The bundle of His or the bundle branches
The enzymes that builds glucose into its storage form glycogen is what?
Glycogen synthase
What is the universal intermediate for all of metabolism and what does that mean?
Acetyl CoA and all our macronutrients eventually get converted to this molecule during their own metabolilsm
Board question!! Write out the percentages of the 3 main gases in inspired vs. expired air.
Why are they different?
Inspired- N2 ~79, O2 ~21, CO2 ~ 0.04
Expired- N2 ~79, O2 ~ 16-18, CO2 ~ 4
What is specifically happening during the 3 main parts of an EKG and what are the 3 main parts?
P wave- atrial contraction (depolarization)
QRS complex- ventricular contraction (depolarization)
T wave- ventricular repolarization
How long is the life of a red blood cell?
120 days