Chapter 1
True or False: All cells have a cytoplasmic membrane, a cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
TRUE
What type of bacteria is known for its thick peptidoglycan cell wall?
Gram (+) bacteria
Which pathway makes more ATP, lactic acid fermentation or aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration (38 ATP) vs. fermentation (2 ATP)
What term is used to describe the killing of all microbes, including viruses?
Sterilization
Explain the central dogma of molecular biology.
DNA→ RNA→ Protein
What are the major phylogenetic lineages of cells?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Which theory supports the idea that the major organelles of eukaryotes were once bacteria?
The Endosymbiotic theory
What are the net products of Glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose
What are the names of organisms with a temperature optima of 15 degrees Celsius?
Psychrophiles
What is meant by the term semiconservative replication?
Both strands of DNA are templates for the synthesis of new strands.
Which domain is more closely related to Bacteria?
Archaea
What is the function of an S-layer?
Cell wall (structural support) for Archaea or Bacteria
What anaerobic process allows for glycolysis to continue?
Fermentation (NADH → NAD+)
Facultative organisms can live with or without ___
O2
What enzyme is in charge of unwinding the DNA double helix?
Helicase
Louis Pasteur disapproved of which theory?
The theory of nonspontaneous generation
Describe the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane.
The cytoplasmic membrane is a highly selective permeability barrier constructed of lipids and proteins that form a bilayer
Amino acids are formed from the carbon skeleton intermediates of which two pathways?
Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
What is an alternative growth mode that consists of a microbial community in a polysaccharide matrix? Hint: protects against predation and harmful substances.
Biofilm
True of False: Linear DNA replicates a lot faster than circular DNA.
FALSE
What insights led to the reconstruction of the tree of life?
What insights led to the reconstruction of the tree of life?
How are swimming bacteria able to sense direction of an attractant and move towards it?
Response to chemical and physical gradients, controlling the lengths of runs and frequency of tumbles
What part of aerobic respiration restores redox balance?
Electron transport chain (NADH/FADH2 → NAD+/ FAD+/ ATP)
How does binary fission differ from budding division?
Binary fission= exactly the same
Budding= unequal cell growth with different characteristics
What is the Pribnow box in transcription?
DNA promoter sequence for binding of RNA polymerase, -10 TATAAT